Aborigines' Protection Society

The Aborigines' Protection Society (APS) was an international human rights organisation founded in 1837,[1] to ensure the health and well-being and the sovereign, legal and religious rights of the indigenous peoples while also promoting the civilisation of the indigenous people [2] who were subjected under colonial powers,[3] in particular the British Empire.[4] In 1909 it merged with the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (BFASS) to form the Anti-Slavery and Aborigines' Protection Society (now Anti-Slavery International).[1][5][6]

The Society published a journal variously entitled Aborigines' Friend, or Colonial Intelligencer, and Colonial Intelligencer and Aborigines' Friend, often abbreviated to Aborigines' Friend, from 1855 until its merger with BFASS in 1909. when the journals of the two societies were merged.[7][8]

Foundation

The Quaker background and abolitionism were significant in the setting-up of the Society.[9]

In 1835 Parliamentary MP Thomas Fowell Buxton set up a Parliamentary Select Committee to examine the effect of white settlement on indigenous peoples, and various other colonial issues. Though a non-Quaker himself, Buxton was the brother-in-law of Quaker reformer and philanthropist Elizabeth Fry. In 1837, British physician Thomas Hodgkin prompted the establishment of The Aborigines Committee at an annual Meeting for Sufferings of Quakers. In 1838 some of the findings of Buxton's committee were published [4] as Information Respecting the Aborigines in the British Colonies. Hodgkin's brother John Hodgkin drafted it, then it was rewritten by Thomas to sharpen the effect and reduce its references to missionary activity.[10][11][12]

Around the same time, The Aborigines' Protection Society (APS) was established, "to ensure the health and well-being and the sovereign, legal and religious rights of the indigenous peoples while also promoting the civilization of the indigenous people who were subjected under colonial powers".[4] Other members brought experience from around the world: Saxe Bannister (Australia), Richard King (North America), John Philip (South Africa).[13] The founders were, on King's account, Buxton, Hodgkin, William Allen, Henry Christy, Thomas Clarkson, and Joseph Sturge.[14] Buxton, after the 1833 British abolition of slavery, had taken an interest in particular in the Cape Colony.

The Report of the APS in 1838 put the case that colonisation did not inevitably have detrimental effects on indigenous peoples, as conventional wisdom had it, even to the point of their extinction: if the effects were negative, that was a criticism of the plan and regulation for the colony.[15]

Activities

The Aborigines' Protection Society remained active for about 70 years.[13] It operated in Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Canada, South Africa and the Congo. Its motto was Ab Uno Sanguine, meaning "Of One Blood" (from Acts 17:26). Its focus was on equal rights, as Equality before the law, for indigenous people, although it did not extend to the protection and preservation of the cultures of these peoples.[4] It aimed to achieve legislation that was not based on race, with "racial amalgamation". There was no commitment therefore to preserving the indigenous peoples as encountered.[16]

In 1840 the Society reported on the treatment of indigenous peoples of Upper Canada.[4]

The differing views of Buxton and Hodgkin on how to proceed caused some fundamental divisions in the early years. Hodgkin was interested in a forum for both scientific discussion (of early ethnology, a discipline that hardly yet existed separately from the study of language), and protective activities based on lobbying. Buxton shortly became caught up in the activist drive that led quickly to the Niger expedition of 1841, the failure of which was a huge personal blow and also drove missionary considerations into the background for a time. Hodgkin was unhappy with Buxton's published criticism of Elliott Cresson, and the general British disregard for Liberia as an abolitionist project. King issued a prospectus for the new Ethnological Society of London in 1842, following Hodgkin's view that the humanitarian and scientific objectives should from then on be pursued separately.[17]

In 1842 the purpose of the APS was restated: "to record the history, and promote the advancement, of Uncivilized Tribes".[18]

On Buxton's death in 1845, Samuel Gurney took over as President. Finances improved, and from 1847 Hodgkin had an assistant as Secretary on the payroll for a period, the activist Louis Alexis Chamerovzow.[19] Chamerovzow published on the rights of Māori in 1848, and worked on Charles Dickens as opinion-former,[20] with some success (as Dickens wrote to George Payne Rainsford James).[21] He was a perceptive analyst of the difficulties in reconciling the interests of indigenous people and settlers.[22]

Other campaigns included the case of a black man in the Cape Colony accused of stealing from a white man and punished by torture (1850), the use of bonded labour of black children in the Transvaal Republic (1880), and, later continued protesting the exploitation of indigenous South Africans during the time preceding the Second Boer War (1899–1902), which, they said, was often perpetrated under a "guise of philanthropy and Christianity".[4]

In 1870 the APS bought Lennox Island (Prince Edward Island) on behalf of a community of the Mi'kmaq people.[23]

Publications

The Society published tracts, pamphlets, Annual Reports and a journal variously entitled The Aborigines' Friend, or, Colonial Intelligencer, Aborigines' Friend, or Colonial Intelligencer, Colonial Intelligencer and Aborigines' Friend, The Aborigines' Friend and the Colonial Intelligencer, also abbreviated to Aborigines' Friend, from 1855[7][19][24] until 1909.[8]

Hodgkin's concerns over the indigenous peoples in the Hudson's Bay Company territory in western Canada were pursued both by correspondence with Sir George Simpson, and in the pages of the Intelligencer.[25] In 1889 Henry Richard Fox Bourne became its editor, and took over as Chair of the APS.[26] He was a critic of the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition, and used the Intelligencer to accuse it for the first time of "atrocities".[27]

Merger

The Society continued until 1909, when it merged with the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society to form the Anti-Slavery and Aborigines' Protection Society (now Anti-Slavery International).[1][5][4]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Aborigines' Protection Society: Transactions,1837-1909 Archived June 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ Nworah, Kenneth D (1971). "The Aborigines' Protection Society, 1889-1909: A Pressure-Group in Colonial Policy". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 5 (1): 79–91. doi:10.2307/484052. JSTOR 484052.
  3. ^ "ProQuest Database: Aborigines' Protection Society". ProQuest. Archived from the original on 9 September 2012.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g "Aborigines Protection Society". Quakers in the World. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  5. ^ a b Swaisland, Charles (2000). "The Aborigines protection society, 1837–1909". Slavery & Abolition. 21 (2): 265–280. doi:10.1080/01440390008575315. S2CID 146653844.
  6. ^ Joseph Foster (1872). A revised genealogical account of the various families descended from Francis Fox of St. Germans, Cornwall; to which is appended a pedigree of the Crokers of Lineham. pp. 3–.
  7. ^ a b "The Aborigines' friend and the colonial intelligencer[Catalogue entry]". National Library of Australia. Retrieved 4 December 2020. Includes the Annual report of the Aborigines Protection Society, 1848-1867... Life date: Vol. 1, no. 1, n.s. (Jan./Dec. 1855)-
  8. ^ a b "The Anti-slavery reporter / under the sanction of the British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society [1846-1909] [Catalogue entry]". National Library of Australia. 3 September 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020. Volume title pages for 1846-1852 read: The British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Reporter.
  9. ^ George W. Stocking, Jr., "What's in a Name? The Origins of the Royal Anthropological Institute (1837–71)", Man, New Series, Vol. 6, No. 3 (September 1971), pp. 369–390; Published by Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2799027; PDF, at p. 372.
  10. ^ Louise Henson (2004). Culture and Science in the Nineteenth-Century Media. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-7546-3574-1. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  11. ^ Amalie M. Kass and Edward H. Kass, Perfecting the World: The life and times of Dr. Thomas Hodgkin, 1798–1866 (1988), pp. 373–4.
  12. ^ Society of Friends. Meeting for Sufferings. Aborigines' Committee (1838). Information respecting the aborigines in the British colonies [microform] : circulated by direction of the Meeting for Sufferings : being principally extracts from the report presented to the House of Commons, by the select committee appointed on that subject. Canadiana.org. London : Darton and Harvey. ISBN 9780665216800.
  13. ^ a b Patrick Brantlinger (2003). Dark Vanishings: Discourse on the Extinction of Primitive Races, 1800-1930. Cornell University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-8014-8876-4. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  14. ^ King, Richard (1867). "Obituary of Thomas Hodgkin, M.D.". Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London. 5: 341–345. ISSN 1368-0366. JSTOR 3014240.
  15. ^ William Binnington Boyce (1839). Notes on South-African Affairs. J. Mason. pp. 177–8. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  16. ^ Damon Ieremia Salesa (14 July 2011). Racial Crossings: Race, Intermarriage, and the Victorian British Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 142–3. ISBN 978-0-19-960415-9. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  17. ^ Kass and Kass, p. 393, and pp. 402–3.
  18. ^ Jane Samson (1998). Imperial Benevolence: Making British Authority in the Pacific Islands. University of Hawaii Press. p. 182 note 85. ISBN 978-0-8248-1927-9. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  19. ^ a b Kass and Kass, p. 377.
  20. ^ Elaine Freedgood (15 October 2010). The Ideas in Things: Fugitive Meaning in the Victorian Novel. University of Chicago Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-226-26163-8. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  21. ^ Charles Dickens; Graham Storey; Madeline House; Kathleen Tillotson; Nina Burgis (18 August 1988). The Letters of Charles Dickens: 1850-1852. Oxford University Press. pp. 22–3. ISBN 978-0-19-812617-1. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  22. ^ Peter Karsten (18 March 2002). Between Law and Custom: "high" and "low" Legal Cultures in the Lands of the British Diaspora--the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, 1600-1900. Cambridge University Press. p. 258. ISBN 978-0-521-79283-7. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  23. ^ Richard Butler; Thomas Hinch (26 October 2007). Tourism and Indigenous Peoples: Issues and Implications. Elsevier. pp. 225–. ISBN 978-0-7506-6446-2. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
  24. ^ Heartfield, James (2011). The Aborigines' Protection Society: Humanitarian Imperialism in Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Canada, South Africa, and the Congo, 1836-1909. London/New York: Hurst/Columbia University Press. p. 306. ISBN 978-1-84904-120-1.
  25. ^ Warren, P. (1 August 2007). "39. Thomas Hodgkin. 1798-1866. Health advocate for Manitoba". Clinical and Investigative Medicine. 30 (4): S48. doi:10.25011/cim.v30i4.2799. ISSN 1488-2353.
  26. ^ Laurel Brake; Marysa Demoor (2009). Dictionary of Nineteenth-Century Journalism in Great Britain and Ireland. Academia Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-90-382-1340-8. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  27. ^ Robert M. Burroughs (2011). Travel Writing and Atrocities: Eyewitness Accounts of Colonialism in the Congo, Angola, and the Putumayo. Taylor & Francis. p. 161 note 22. ISBN 978-0-415-99238-1. Retrieved 24 April 2012.

Further reading