2 Samuel 4

2 Samuel 4
The pages containing the Books of Samuel (1 & 2 Samuel) Leningrad Codex (1008 CE).
BookFirst book of Samuel
Hebrew Bible partNevi'im
Order in the Hebrew part3
CategoryFormer Prophets
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part10

2 Samuel 4 is the fourth chapter of the Second Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the second part of Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible.[1] According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan,[2] but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630–540 BCE.[3][4] This chapter contains the account of David's reign in Hebron.[5][6] This is within a section comprising 1 Samuel 16 to 2 Samuel 5 which records the rise of David as the king of Israel,[7] and a section comprising 2 Samuel 2–8 which deals with the period when David set up his kingdom.[8]

Text

This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 12 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).[9] Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q51 (4QSama; 100–50 BCE) with extant verses 1–4, 9–12.[10][11][12][13]

Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century).[14][a]

Places

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Places mentioned in this chapter

Analysis

The narrative of David's reign in Hebron in 2 Samuel 1:1–5:5 has the following structure:[16]

A. Looking back to the final scenes of 1 Samuel (1:1)
B. David receives Saul's crown (1:2–12)
C. David executes Saul's killer (1:13–16)
D. David's lament for Saul and Jonathan (1:17-27)
E. Two kings in the land (2:1–3:6)
E'. One king in the land: Abner switches sides (3:7–27)
D'. David's lament for Abner (3:28–39)
C'. David executes Ishbaal's killers (4:1–12)
B'. David wears Saul's crown (5:1–3)
A'. Looking forward to David's reign in Jerusalem (5:4–5)

David's narrative of his ascension to the throne in Hebron is framed by an opening verse that looks backward to the final chapters of 1 Samuel (Saul's death and David's refuge in Ziklag) and closing verses that look forward to David's rule in Jerusalem (2 Samuel 5). The action begins when David received Saul's crown and concludes when he was finally able to wear that crown. David executes the Amalekite who claims to have assisted Saul with his suicide and those who murdered Ishbaal. Two laments were recorded: one for Saul and Jonathan and another shorter one for Abner. At the center are the two key episodes: the existence of two kings in the land (David and Ishbaal), because Joab's forces could not conquer Saul's territory on the battlefield. However, this was resolved when Ishbaal foolishly challenged Abner's loyalty, causing Abner to switch sides that eventually brought Saul's kingdom under Davidic rule.[16]

Death of Ish-bosheth (4:1–7)

Abner was very powerful that he virtually ruled Israel (cf. 2:8-9; 3:6), so his death caused confusion and uncertainty to the whole kingdom including its king, leading a plot to assassinate Ish-bosheth by two army officers of Israel, Baanah and Rechab, whose lineage is detailed in verses 2–3 and came from Beeroth, which 'was considered to belong to Benjamin' (verse 2, cf. Joshua 18:25).[17] The two assassins got into Ishbaal's house at noon, when he was taking a siesta, on the pretext of "taking wheat" to be allowed to enter, quickly committed their gruesome task and ran away with Ish-bosheth's severed head (verse 7).[17]

A short information was given in verse 4 about Jonathan's son, Mephibosheth (or Meribaal, cf. 1 Chronicles 8:34; 9:40), which links to 2 Samuel 9:1–13, apparently to show that, beside Ish-bosheth, there was no more serious contender for the throne from the house of Saul; Mephibosheth himself was only a minor ('five years old') at that time and a cripple.[17]

Verse 2

And Saul's son had two men that were captains of bands: the name of the one was Baanah, and the name of the other Rechab, the sons of Rimmon a Beerothite, of the children of Benjamin: (for Beeroth also was reckoned to Benjamin:[18]
  • "Beeroth": one of the four cities of the Gibeonites (Joshua 9:17), and was allotted to the tribe of Benjamin (Joshua 18:25). It is identified with the modern El-Bireh, nine miles north of Jerusalem. It is mentioned that Beeroth “was reckoned to Benjamin,” in the past tense, because in the time the Books of Samuel was written it was no longer inhabited.[19]

Verse 4

Jonathan, Saul’s son, had a son who was lame in his feet. He was five years old when the news about Saul and Jonathan came from Jezreel; and his nurse took him up and fled. And it happened, as she made haste to flee, that he fell and became lame. His name was Mephibosheth.[20]

Execution of Rechab and Baanah (4:8–12)

The two assassins brought Ish-bosheth's head straight to David, claiming to have avenged David on Saul, who was described as an 'enemy' for Saul had sought David's life (verse 8). David immediately distanced himself from their action, as he had consistently showed a great respect for a reigning monarch and did not wish to seize the throne, because being YHWH's elect, he was to advance naturally to be a king without having to stoop to violence. His attitude was made explicit in verses 9–11, recalling how he commanded to kill the Amalekite who claimed to have killed Saul, so he had to punish these assassins to death for they had 'killed a righteous man on his bed in his own house' (verse 11–12). Thus, the narratives demonstrate that David was totally innocent of the assassinations that brought him to the throne.[17]

Verse 12

And David commanded his young men, and they slew them, and cut off their hands and their feet, and hanged them up over the pool in Hebron. But they took the head of Ishbosheth, and buried it in the sepulchre of Abner in Hebron.[22]
  • "Ish-bosheth: 4QSama reads “Mephibosheth”.[23]
  • "Abner": the name is followed by the phrase "the son of Ner" in Greek Septuagint versions.[24]
  • “In Hebron": not included in some Greek Septuagint manuscripts [25]

See also

  • Related Bible parts: 1 Samuel 26, 2 Samuel 1, 1 Chronicles 8, 1 Chronicles 9

    • Notes

    1. ^ The whole book of 2 Samuel is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.[15]

    References

    1. ^ Halley 1965, p. 184.
    2. ^ Hirsch, Emil G. "SAMUEL, BOOKS OF". www.jewishencyclopedia.com.
    3. ^ Knight 1995, p. 62.
    4. ^ Jones 2007, p. 197.
    5. ^ Jones 2007, p. 216.
    6. ^ Coogan 2007, p. 450 Hebrew Bible.
    7. ^ Jones 2007, p. 207.
    8. ^ Jones 2007, p. 215.
    9. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
    10. ^ Ulrich 2010, pp. 293–296.
    11. ^ Dead sea scrolls - 2 Samuel
    12. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 35.
    13. ^ 4Q51 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
    14. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
    15. ^  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Codex Sinaiticus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
    16. ^ a b Morrison 2013, p. 24.
    17. ^ a b c d Jones 2007, p. 217.
    18. ^ 2 Samuel 4:2 KJV
    19. ^ Ellicott, C. J. (Ed.) (1905). Ellicott's Bible Commentary for English Readers. 2 Samuel 4. London : Cassell and Company, Limited, [1905-1906] Online version: (OCoLC) 929526708. Accessed 28 April 2019.
    20. ^ 2 Samuel 4:4 NKJV
    21. ^ Note on 2 Samuel 4:4 in NKJV
    22. ^ 2 Samuel 4:12 KJV
    23. ^ Note [b] on 2 Samuel 4:12 in NET Bible
    24. ^ Note [c] on 2 Samuel 4:12 in NET Bible
    25. ^ Note [d] on 2 Samuel 4:12 in NET Bible

    Sources

    Commentaries on Samuel

    General