2016 Portuguese presidential election

2016 Portuguese presidential election
← 2011 24 January 2016 2021 →
Opinion polls
Turnout48.66% (Increase 2.14pp)
 
Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (Web Summit).jpg
António Nóvoa 06-05-2013.jpg
Marisa Matias 2015 (cropped).jpg
Candidate Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa António Sampaio da Nóvoa Marisa Matias
Party PSD[a] Independent[b] BE[c]
Popular vote 2,413,956 1,062,138 469,814
Percentage 52.00% 22.88% 10.12%
Results by district
President before election

Aníbal Cavaco Silva
PSD

Elected President

Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
PSD

Presidential elections were held in Portugal on 24 January 2016. The election chose the successor to the President Aníbal Cavaco Silva, who was constitutionally not allowed to run for a third consecutive term.

Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, the candidate supported by Social Democratic Party (PSD), CDS – People's Party (CDS–PP) and People's Monarchist Party (PPM), won the election on the first round with 52 percent of the vote. Marcelo also won in every single district in the country and only lost a few municipalities in the south of the country. The Socialist Party (PS), for the first time in a Presidential election, didn't officially supported no candidate, with party members dividing their support for either António Sampaio da Nóvoa or Maria de Belém.[1]

Portugal had about 9.7 million registered voters by election day.[2] Turnout was higher than that of the 2011 election, but reached a record low in a presidential election with no incumbents as only 48.66 percent of the electorate cast a ballot.[3]

Background

Aníbal Cavaco Silva had served two consecutive five-year terms as president, the maximum number, and the 2016 election was to choose a successor for a term beginning on March 9. In Portugal, the president is the head of state, has mostly ceremonial powers. However, the president does have some political influence and can dissolve the Parliament of Portugal if a crisis occurs.[2][4] The president also has an official residence in the Belém Palace in Lisbon.[4]

Electoral system

In order to stand for election, candidates must be of Portuguese origin and over 35 years old, gather 7,500 signatures of support one month before the election, and submit them to the Constitutional Court of Portugal.[5]

Under Portuguese law, a candidate must receive a majority of votes (50% plus one vote) to be elected. If no candidate achieved a majority in the first round, a runoff election (i.e., second round, held between the two candidates who received the most votes in the first round) would have been held on February 14.[2][4]

Candidates

Official candidates

On 29 December 2015 the Constitutional Court certified a record ten candidates as having met the requirements to appear on the ballot. This remains the highest numbers of candidates in a Presidential ballot in Portuguese democracy; previously, the highest number of presidential candidates had been six.[2]

Candidate Supported by Political office(s) Details Formalization date Ref.
Paulo de Morais (52)
  •   Independent
 Deputy Mayor of Porto
(2002–2005) 		Anti-corruption activist. 1 December 2015 [6][7]
Edgar Silva (53) Member of the Legislative Assembly of Madeira
(1996–2024) 		Former Catholic priest; member of the Central Committee of the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP). 7 December 2015 [8][9]
Henrique Neto (79) Member of Parliament for Leiria
(1995–1999) 		Member of the Socialist Party (PS), failed to gain the support of the party. 11 December 2015 [10][11]
Marisa Matias (39) Member of the European Parliament
(2009–2024) 		Sociologist, who has worked in the areas of environment and public health. 17 December 2015 [12][13][14]
António Sampaio da Nóvoa (61) None Former Dean of the University of Lisbon (2006–2013); one of the two candidates endorsed by the Socialist Party (PS). 22 December 2015 [15][16][17]
Jorge Sequeira (66) None Psychologist, researcher and university professor. 22 December 2015 [18]
Maria de Belém Roseira (66) President of the Socialist Party
(2011–2014)
President of the Parliamentary Group of the Socialist Party
(2011)
Minister of Equality
(1999–2000)
Minister of Health
(1995–1999)
Member of Parliament for Lisbon
(2005–2009; 2011–2015)
Member of Parliament for Aveiro
(2002–2005; 2009–2011)
Member of Parliament for Porto
(1999–2002) 		Member of the Socialist Party (PS), was one of the two candidates endorsed by the party. 22 December 2015 [19][20]
Cândido Ferreira (66) None Nephrologist MD; former member of the Socialist Party (PS); former Chair of the Leiria Federation of the Socialist Party (1995–1999). 23 December 2015 [21]
Vitorino Silva (44) President of the Parish Council of Rans
(1994–2002) 		More commonly known as Tino de Rans; paver; former member of the Socialist Party (PS). 23 December 2015 [22]
Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (67) President of the Social Democratic Party
(1996–1999)
Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
(1982–1983)
Member of the Consitituent Assembly
(1975–1976) 		Jurist; university professor; political commentator. 23 December 2015 [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]

Unsuccessful candidates

Official logo of the election.

Decided not to run

Campaign period

Candidates' slogans

Candidate Original slogan English translation Refs
Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa « Juntos por Portugal » "Together for Portugal" [49]
Sampaio da Nóvoa « Um Cidadão Presidente » "A Citizen President" [50]
Marisa Matias « Uma por todos » "One for all" [51]
Maria de Belém « Belém, a força do caráter » "Belém, the strength of character" [52]
Edgar Silva « Um homem justo para presidente » "A fair man for president" [53]
Vitorino Silva « Portugal com Tino » "Portugal with Tino"[d] [54]
Paulo de Morais « Meter o país em ordem » "Get the country in order" [55]
Henrique Neto « Porque Portugal precisa » "Because Portugal needs" [56]
Jorge Sequeira « Portugal somos nós » "Portugal is us" [57]
Cândido Ferreira « Pelo nosso futuro » "For our future" [58]

Candidates' debates

There were several number of debates between all the candidates in the three TV networks RTP, SIC, TVI. There was a radio debate between all candidates plus on January 19, there was a final debate between all of candidates on RTP1.[59]

Completed televised debates:

2016 Portuguese presidential election debates
Date Organizers Moderators  P  Present  NI  Non-invitee  A  Absent invitee Notes
Neto Nóvoa Ferreira Silva Sequeira Vitorino Matias Belém Marcelo Morais
1 January
20:35 		RTP1 José Rodrigues dos Santos NI P NI NI NI NI P NI NI NI
1 January
21:30 		SIC Notícias Anselmo Crespo NI NI NI NI NI NI NI P NI P
1 January
22:00 		TVI24 Paulo Magalhães P NI NI P NI NI NI NI NI NI
1 January
23:30 		TVI24 Paulo Magalhães NI NI NI NI P P NI NI P NI
2 January
20:40 		RTP1 José Rodrigues dos Santos P P NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI
2 January
21:30 		TVI24 Paulo Magalhães NI NI NI NI NI NI P NI NI P
2 January
22:00 		SIC Notícias Anselmo Crespo NI NI NI P NI NI NI P NI NI
3 January
20:40 		RTP1 José Rodrigues dos Santos NI NI NI P NI NI NI NI NI P
3 January
21:30 		SIC Notícias Anselmo Crespo P NI NI NI NI NI NI NI P NI
3 January
22:00 		TVI24 Paulo Magalhães NI NI NI NI NI NI P P NI NI
4 January
10:10 		Antena 1 Maria Flor Pedroso P P P P P P P P P P [60]
4 January
20:40 		RTP1 João Adelino Faria P NI NI NI NI NI NI P NI NI
4 January
21:30 		SIC Notícias Anselmo Crespo NI NI NI NI NI NI P NI P NI
4 January
22:00 		TVI24 Paulo Magalhães NI P NI P NI NI NI NI NI NI
5 January
20:40 		RTP1 João Adelino Faria NI NI NI P NI NI NI P NI NI
5 January
21:30 		SIC Notícias Anselmo Crespo P NI NI NI NI NI P NI NI NI
5 January
22:00 		TVI24 Paulo Magalhães NI P NI NI NI NI NI NI NI P
5 January
23:00 		SIC Notícias Anselmo Crespo NI P A NI P P NI NI NI NI [61]
6 January
20:40 		RTP1 João Adelino Faria NI NI NI P NI NI P NI NI NI
6 January
21:45 		TVI24 Paulo Magalhães NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI P P
6 January
23:30 		SIC Notícias Anselmo Crespo P NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI P
7 January
20:50 		SIC Clara de Sousa NI P NI NI NI NI NI NI P NI
7 January
20:40 		RTP1 João Adelino Faria NI NI A NI P P NI P NI NI [61]
8 January
20:40 		RTP1 João Adelino Faria NI NI NI NI NI NI NI P P NI
9 January
20:45 		TVI Judite de Sousa NI P NI NI NI NI NI P NI NI
19 January
21:00 		RTP1 Carlos Daniel
Vítor Gonçalves 		P P P P P P P A P P [e][62]

Opinion polling

Main article: Opinion polling for the Portuguese presidential election, 2016

Campaign budgets

Candidate (party) Election
Result 		State Subsidy Political Parties
Contributions 		Fundraising Total Revenue Expenses Debt
Calculated Budgeted Calculated Budgeted
Marcelo R. Sousa (PSD, CDS-PP, PPM) 52.0% €0 €90,000 €0 €67,000 €0 €157,000 €157,000 €0
Sampaio da Nóvoa (I) 22.9% €0 €798,000 €0 €170,000 €0 €968,000 €742,000 €0
Marisa Matias (BE, MAS) 10.1% €0 €308,660 €0 €146,000 €0 €454,660 €454,660 €0
Maria de Belém (I) 4.2% €0 €790,656 €0 €105,970 €0 €896,626 €650,000 €0
Edgar Silva (PCP) 3.9% €0 €377,750 €342,250 €30,000 €0 €750,000 €750,000 €0
Vitorino Silva (I) 3.3% €0 €0 €0 €50,000 €0 €50,000 €50,000 €0
Paulo de Morais (I) 2.2% €0 €61,000 €0 €32,000 €0 €93,000 €93,000 €0
Henrique Neto (I) 0.8% €0 €199,000 €0 €76,000 €0 €275,000 €275,000 €0
Jorge Sequeira (I) 0.3% €0 €0 €0 €123,500 €0 €123,500 €123,500 €0
Cândido Ferreira (I) 0.2% €0 €0 €0 €60,000 €0 €60,000 €60,000 €0
Source: Portuguese Constitutional Court (TC)[63]

Voter turnout

The table below shows voter turnout throughout election day including voters from Overseas.

Turnout Time
12:00 16:00 19:00
2011 2016 ± 2011 2016 ± 2011 2016 ±
Total 13.39% 15.82% Increase 2.43 pp 35.16% 37.69% Increase 2.53 pp 46.52% 48.66% Increase 2.14 pp
Sources[64][65]

Results

CandidatePartyVotes%
Marcelo Rebelo de SousaSocial Democratic Party–People's Party–People's Monarchist Party2,413,95652.00
António Sampaio da NóvoaIndependent supported by Portuguese Workers' Communist Party–LIVRE1,062,13822.88
Marisa MatiasLeft Bloc–Socialist Alternative Movement469,81410.12
Maria de BelémIndependent196,7654.24
Edgar SilvaPortuguese Communist Party183,0513.94
Vitorino SilvaIndependent152,3743.28
Paulo de MoraisIndependent100,1912.16
Henrique NetoIndependent39,1630.84
Jorge Sequeira [pt]Independent13,9540.30
Cândido Ferreira [pt]Independent10,6090.23
Total4,642,015100.00
Valid votes4,642,01597.84
Invalid votes43,5880.92
Blank votes58,9641.24
Total votes4,744,567100.00
Registered voters/turnout9,751,39848.66
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições

Results by district

District Marcelo Nóvoa Matias Belém Edgar Silva Vitorino Silva Morais Neto Sequeira Ferreira Turnout
Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes %
  Aveiro 189,380 59.42% 59,149 18.56% 29,392 9.22% 12,996 4.08% 5,029 1.58% 12,296 3.86% 6,372 2.00% 2,397 0.75% 983 0.31% 708 0.22% 49.88%
  Azores 39,811 58.07% 14,768 21.54% 6,073 8.86% 3,041 4.44% 907 1.32% 1,522 2.22% 1,457 2.13% 577 0.84% 212 0.31% 190 0.29% 30.92%
  Beja 18,911 31.71% 18,770 31.47% 6,741 11.30% 3,046 5.11% 9,290 15.58% 1,354 2.27% 724 1.21% 412 0.69% 189 0.32% 209 0.35% 47.37%
  Braga 244,205 58.96% 82,976 20.03% 34,686 8.37% 16,318 3.94% 7,676 1.85% 14,951 3.61% 7,210 1.74% 3,234 0.78% 2,071 0.50% 866 0.21% 53.53%
  Bragança 36,173 61.91% 11,484 19.65% 4,253 7.28% 2,688 4.60% 701 1.20% 1,582 2.71% 783 1.34% 452 0.77% 152 0.26% 161 0.28% 40.46%
  Castelo Branco 44,199 50.14% 22,924 26.01% 9,538 10.62% 4,565 5.18% 2,013 2.28% 2,338 2.65% 1,524 1.73% 737 0.84% 217 0.25% 268 0.30% 50.06%
  Coimbra 94,184 50.19% 43,577 23.22% 26,101 13.91% 8,561 4.56% 4,186 2.23% 4,973 2.65% 3,577 1.91% 1,440 0.77% 362 0.19% 703 0.37% 49.21%
  Évora 27,281 38.61% 21,405 30.30% 7,609 10.77% 2,908 4.12% 8,137 11.52% 1,492 2.11% 1,032 1.46% 421 0.60% 186 0.26% 181 0.26% 51.09%
  Faro 76,560 47.62% 38,311 23.83% 22,155 13.78% 7,071 4.40% 5,710 3.55% 4,290 2.67% 4,767 2.96% 1,144 0.71% 379 0.24% 392 0.24% 44.35%
  Guarda 42,087 58.53% 15,549 21.62% 6,316 8.78% 3,096 4.31% 1,006 1.40% 2,108 2.93% 882 1.23% 482 0.67% 180 0.25% 198 0.28% 45.17%
  Leiria 126,494 61.07% 35,253 17.02% 19,630 9.48% 6,540 3.16% 4,169 2.01% 6,142 2.97% 4,110 1.98% 3,401 1.64% 425 0.21% 966 0.47% 50.18%
  Lisbon 496,372 49.77% 257,593 25.83% 100,125 10.04% 44,743 4.49% 39,919 4.00% 21,302 2.14% 23,444 2.35% 10,207 1.02% 2,062 0.21% 1,517 0.15% 53.63%
  Madeira 58,423 51.35% 12,825 11.27% 11,448 10.06% 3,157 2.78% 22,414 19.70% 1,044 0.92% 2,699 2.37% 884 0.78% 498 0.44% 372 0.33% 45.50%
  Portalegre 20,945 42.88% 14,934 30.57% 4,910 10.05% 2,208 4.52% 3,484 7.13% 1,122 2.30% 582 1.19% 285 0.58% 113 0.23% 261 0.53% 49.46%
  Porto 428,067 51.28% 181,698 21.76% 85,334 10.22% 37,848 4.53% 20,817 2.49% 47,405 5.68% 22,365 2.68% 6,273 0.75% 3,490 0.42% 1,529 0.18% 53.48%
  Santarém 100,119 51.11% 46,150 23.56% 21,080 10.76% 8,722 4.45% 7,976 4.07% 5,873 3.00% 3,652 1.86% 1,346 0.69% 447 0.23% 512 0.26% 51.06%
  Setúbal 135,300 37.89% 106,114 29.71% 46,326 12.97% 15,204 4.26% 33,930 9.50% 8,292 2.32% 8,211 2.30% 2,285 0.64% 843 0.24% 625 0.18% 50.17%
  Viana do Castelo 63,744 57.03% 25,613 22.92% 8,540 7.64% 3,686 3.30% 1,769 1.58% 4,256 3.81% 2,663 2.38% 894 0.80% 328 0.29% 275 0.25% 45.10%
  Vila Real 58,283 62.28% 18,638 19.92% 6,343 6.78% 3,739 4.00% 1,264 1.35% 2,898 3.10% 1,213 1.30% 760 0.81% 213 0.23% 230 0.25% 41.67%
  Viseu 103,394 62.57% 30,993 18.76% 12,002 7.26% 5,974 3.62% 2,608 1.25% 6,705 4.06% 2,282 1.38% 1,117 0.68% 355 0.21% 353 0.21% 45.57%
  Overseas 7,993 57.30% 2,666 19.11% 1,160 8.32% 609 4.37% 544 3.90% 149 1.07% 459 3.29% 234 1.68% 66 0.47% 69 0.49% 4.69%
Source: 2016 Presidential election results

Maps

  • Strongest candidate by electoral district.
    Strongest candidate by electoral district.
  • Strongest candidate by municipality: Marcelo - orange; Nóvoa - magenta; Edgar Silva - red.
    Strongest candidate by municipality: Marcelo - orange; Nóvoa - magenta; Edgar Silva - red.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Supported also by the CDS – People's Party (CDS–PP) and the People's Monarchist Party (PPM).
  2. ^ Independent supported by LIVRE (L) and the Portuguese Workers' Communist Party (PCTP/MRPP).
  3. ^ Supported also by the Socialist Alternative Movement (MAS).
  4. ^ "Tino" is a diminutive for Vitorino, but the noun "tino" means "prudence" or "discernment"
  5. ^ Maria de Belém Roseira was invited to the debate, but did not participate because of the death, the day before, of António de Almeida Santos, her supporter in the campaign.

References

  1. ^ Belém e Nóvoa partem o PS em dois. Saiba quem apoia quem, Renascença, 20 January 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  2. ^ a b c d 10 candidates to run in Portugal's presidential election Archived 2016-02-06 at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press (December 30, 2015).
  3. ^ Abstenção de 51,16% é a maior em eleições para primeiro mandato na presidência , Público (January 25, 2016).
  4. ^ a b c Portugal presidential election likely to go into runoff, Deutsche Welle (January 21, 2016).
  5. ^ "Presidente da República". Diário da República. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  6. ^ Mais um candidato a Belém. Agora é Paulo Morais, Observador, 9 April 2015. Retrieved 9 April.
  7. ^ Paulo Morais, o primeiro candidato oficial
  8. ^ Edgar Silva formaliza candidatura à Presidência e garante não ter “amarras”, Público, 7 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  9. ^ PCP já tem candidato às presidenciais. Saiba quem é o padre Edgar Silva, Diário Económico, 8 October 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  10. ^ Henrique Neto recolhe mais de 7900 assinaturas TSF, 11 December 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015
  11. ^ Henrique Neto candidata-se a Belém com soluções à esquerda e à direita Archived 2015-03-27 at the Wayback Machine, Jornal i, 25 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  12. ^ Marisa Matias formaliza candidatura a Presidente da República, Esquerda.net, 17 December 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  13. ^ Marisa Matias é candidata à Presidência da República, Esquerda.net, 18 de Outubro de 2015.
  14. ^ Contra a austeridade, votar Marisa Matias nas Presidenciais e exigir que o Governo devolva o que a direita roubou
  15. ^ Sampaio da Nóvoa. O novo ídolo da esquerda, Jornal i, 15 September 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  16. ^ "Sampaio da Nóvoa avança oficialmente a 29 de abril - Visao.pt". visao.sapo.pt. Archived from the original on 2015-04-19.
  17. ^ Candidato presidencial Sampaio da Nóvoa “praticamente seguro” de segunda volta, Observador, 22 December 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  18. ^ Jorge Sequeira apresenta assinaturas e quer Portugal sem "partidocracia" Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, Porto Canal, 22 December 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  19. ^ Maria de Belém entrega assinaturas no Tribunal Constitucional e diz confiar na vitória , RTP Notícias, 22 December 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  20. ^ Oficial: Maria de Belém comunicou a Costa que será candidata à Presidência, Observador, 17 August 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
  21. ^ Médico Cândido Ferreira apresenta candidatura a 25 de abril em Cantanhede
  22. ^ Tino de Rans é candidato e tem 8.118 apoiantes, Diário de Notícias, 23 December 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  23. ^ Passos e Portas formalizam apoio a Marcelo, Observador, 10 de Novembro de 2015. Vista em10 de Novembro de 2015.
  24. ^ Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa admite candidatura às presidenciais de 2016, SIC Notícias, 27 de Outubro de 2013. Vista em 24 de Agosto de 2014.
  25. ^ PSD começa a acreditar que Marcelo é candidato, SOL, 5 de Abril de 2015. Vista em 5 de Abril de 2015.
  26. ^ Marcelo já decidiu avançar, SOL, 21 de Agosto de 2015. Vista em 21 de Agosto de 2015.
  27. ^ Belém: Caminho mais aberto para Marcelo, Observador, 29 de Agosto de 2015. Vista em 29 de Agosto de 2015.
  28. ^ Passos Coelho não afasta apoio nas presidenciais. Marcelo sorri, Observador, 5 de Setembro de 2015. Vista em 5 de Setembro de 2015.
  29. ^ Marcelo aproxima-se de Passos. “Tem de ser”, Expresso, 20 de Setembro de 2015. Vista em 20 de Setembro de 2015.
  30. ^ Marcelo: “Estou mais bem situado” que Rui Rio para as presidenciais, Observador, 2 de Outubro de 2015. Vista em 3 de Outubro de 2015.
  31. ^ Presidenciais: Marcelo já tomou a decisão e tudo indica que avança, Público, 5 de Outubro de 2015. Vista em 6 de Outubro de 2015.
  32. ^ Marcelo apresenta candidatura hoje às 18h00, Observador, 9 de Outubro de 2015. Vista em 9 de Outubro de 2015.
  33. ^ Candidato Vieira - Página Oficial
  34. ^ Pronto para a rentrée? Responda ao quiz da silly season, Observador, 13 August 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
  35. ^ (26 November 2015) "Paulo Freitas do Amaral desiste da candidatura presidencial" TVI 24. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  36. ^ (14 December 2016) Orlando Cruz e António Araújo da Silva desistem da corrida a Belém Observador. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  37. ^ "Graça Castanho desiste de candidatura por assinaturas terem sido levadas pelo vento". 15 December 2015.
  38. ^ (21 December 2015) Castanheira Barros desiste da cirrida a Belém Correio da Manhã. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  39. ^ (23 December 2015) Manuela Gonzaga desiste de candidatura à Presidência. "Não vale a pena inventar desculpas" Expresso. Retrieved 25 December 2015.
  40. ^ Presidenciais Nobre a caminho de Belém? "Sou um putativo candidato", Notícias ao Minuto, 14 February 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  41. ^ (7 February 2015) "PS vira-se para Vitorino, mas não confirma desistência de Guterres", Publico. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  42. ^ (9 January 2014) Pires de Lima: "Paulo Portas é um bom candidato a Presidente da República", Dinheiro Vivo. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  43. ^ (19 February 2015) "Manuela Ferreira Leite não afasta candidatura a Belém" Público. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  44. ^ António Guterres diz que não é candidato a ser candidato às presidenciais de 2016, Observador, 10 April 2015. Retrieved 08 August 2015.
  45. ^ Carvalho da Silva quebra silêncio e diz que não é candidato às presidenciais, Diário Económico, 08 May 2015. Retrieved 08 August 2015.
  46. ^ Santana Lopes anuncia que não é candidato a Belém, Expresso, 27 August 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
  47. ^ Rio desiste da candidatura a Belém , Expresso, 15 October 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  48. ^ Jardim não se candidata a Belém e apoia Marcelo, SOL, 15 October 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  49. ^ "ELEIÇÕES PRESIDENCIAIS DE 2016 – CANDIDATURA DE MARCELO REBELO DE SOUSA". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  50. ^ "ELEIÇÕES PRESIDENCIAIS DE 2016 – CANDIDATURA DE SAMPAIO DA NÓVOA". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  51. ^ "ELEIÇÕES PRESIDENCIAIS DE 2016 – CANDIDATURA DE MARISA MATIAS". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  52. ^ "ELEIÇÕES PRESIDENCIAIS DE 2016 – CANDIDATURA DE MARIA DE BELÉM". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  53. ^ "ELEIÇÕES PRESIDENCIAIS DE 2016 – CANDIDATURA DE EDGAR SILVA". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  54. ^ "ELEIÇÕES PRESIDENCIAIS DE 2016 – VITORINO SILVA (TINO DE RANS)". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  55. ^ "ELEIÇÕES PRESIDENCIAIS DE 2016 – PAULO DE MORAIS". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  56. ^ "ELEIÇÕES PRESIDENCIAIS DE 2016 – CANDIDATURA DE HENRIQUE NETO". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  57. ^ "ELEIÇÕES PRESIDENCIAIS DE 2016 – CANDIDATURA DE JORGE SEQUEIRA". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  58. ^ "ELEIÇÕES PRESIDENCIAIS DE 2016 – CANDIDATURA DE CÂNDIDO FERREIRA". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  59. ^ Maria de Belém e Sampaio da Nóvoa enfrentam-se a 9 de janeiro. Todas as datas dos debates presidenciais, Observador, 21 December 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  60. ^ Rádio Debate
  61. ^ a b Cândido Ferreira was invited but didn't attend the debate.
  62. ^ Maria de Belém suspende campanha e também não vai ao debate a 10 na RTP, Rádio Renascença, 19 January 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  63. ^ Campaign Budgets for the 2016 Presidential election, Portuguese Constitutional Court, retrieved 20 January 2016.
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