The Red-vented Bulbul was originally described by Linnaeus in 1766. Several populations of this widespread species have been named as subspecies (or races). The nominate race is found in southern India.[3] The type locality of Puducherry was designated by Erwin Stresemann.[4]
বিৱৰণ
Underside of race bengalensis
The Red-vented Bulbul is easily identified by its short crest giving the head a squarish appearance. The body is dark brown with a scaly pattern while the head is darker or black. The rump is white while the vent is red. The black tail is tipped in white. The Himalayan races have a more prominent crest and are more streaked on the underside.[5]
বিতৰণ
In its native range it is rarely found in mature forests. A study based on 54 localities in India concluded that vegetation is the single most important factor that determines the distribution of the species.[6]
It has been introduced into Hawaii, Fiji and New Zealand.
বাসস্থান
This is a bird of dry scrub, open forest, plains and cultivated lands.[7] They were introduced to Samoa in 1943 and became common on Upolu by 1957. Red-vented Bulbuls were introduced to Fiji around 1903 by indentured labourers from India.[8]
আচৰণ
Nest
খাদ্য
Red-vented bulbuls feed on fruits, petals of flowers,[9] nectar, insects and occasionally geckos.[10][11]
প্ৰজনন
Red-vented bulbuls build their nests in bushes at a height of around 2–3 m (7–10 ft; two or three eggs is a typical clutch. Nests are occasionally built inside houses[12][13] or in a hole in a mud bank.[14]
They breed from June to September. The eggs are pale-pinkish with spots of darker red more dense at the broad end.[15] They are capable of having multiple clutches in a year. Nests are small flat cups made of small twigs but sometimes making use of metal wires.[16] The eggs hatch after about 14 days.[17] Both parents feed the chicks and on feeding trips wait for the young to excrete, swallowing the faecal sacs produced.[18] The Pied Crested Cuckoo is a brood parasite of this species.[19]
↑Stresemann, E. (1952). "On the birds collected by Pierre Poivre in Canton, Manila, India and Madagascar (1751–1756)". Ibis খণ্ড 94 (3): 499–523. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1952.tb01847.x.
↑Sibley, CB; Short, LL (1959). "Hybridization in some Indian Bulbuls Pycnonotus cafer x P. leucogenys". Ibis খণ্ড 101 (2): 177–182. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1959.tb02373.x.
↑Vijayan, VS (1975). The ecological isolation of Bulbuls (Pycnonotidae) with special reference to Pycnonotus cafer cafer and P. luteolus luteolus at Point Calimere, Tamil Nadu. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bombay.
↑Johnson, J. M. (1989). "Redvented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer (Linne) eating petals of Magnolia". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 86 (1): 103.
↑Bharos,AMK (1999). "Attempt by Redvented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer to feed on a young House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 96 (2): 320.
↑Sharma, Satish Kumar (2000). "Redvented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer feeding on tail of House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 97 (2): 284.
↑Dixit,D (1963). "Notes on a case of the redvented bulbul, Pycnonotus cafer (linnaeus) nesting indoors". Pavo খণ্ড 1 (1): 19–31.
Shivnarayanan, N; Naik, RM (1963). "Does the male redvented bulbul, Pycnonotus cafer (linnaeus) incubate?". Pavo খণ্ড 1 (2): 128–129.
Bellary, Sadananda A; Desai,RN (2000) Unusual nesting activity of the Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer: two peculiar features. Newsletter for Birdwatchers 40(6):83–84.
Chowdhury, SR; Bhattacharyya, SP (1989) Circannual variation in the alveolar histodynamics and secretory activity of the uropygial gland of the male Redvented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus). Pavo 27(1&2), 5–14.
Dasgupta, P; Bhattacharyya, SP (1988) Circannual changes in the testicular activity of the Redvented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus). Pavo 26(1&2):37–48.
Deignan,HG (1949) Races of Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus) and P. aurigaster (Vieillot) in the Indo-Chinese subregion. J. Washington Acad. Sci. 39(8):273–279.
Berger AJ (1964). "The breeding seasons of Indian birds". Pavo খণ্ড 2 (2): 121–122.
Shivnarayanan N, Naik RM (1963). "Does the male redvented bulbul, Pycnonotus cafer (linnaeus) incubate?". Pavo খণ্ড 01 (2): 128–129.
Dhamke Hemant A (1997). "Possible feeding on an unhatched egg by young one of Redvented Bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 94 (2): 413–414.
Ganguli U (1963). "Some notes on the nesting and nest behaviour of a pair of redvented bulbuls". Newsletter for Birdwatchers খণ্ড 3 (10): 2–5.
Lal, P; Thapliyal, JP (1982). "Thyroid – gonad and thyroid – body weight relationship in the red-vented bulbul, Molpastes cafer". General and comparative endocrinology খণ্ড 48 (1): 98–103. doi:10.1016/0016-6480(82)90042-9. PMID7129090.
McCann C (1932). "Notes on the nesting habits of the Red-vented Bulbul (Molpastes cafer)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 35 (3): 680–681.
Mummigatti UG, Desai RN, Desai Sarayu (2001). "Some aspects of the developmental biology of the Red Vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer; The nestling's food and feeding pattern, and the feeding behaviour of their parents". Newsletter for Birdwatchers খণ্ড 41 (2): 20–21.
Rana BD (1976). "Drought food of Pycnonotus cafer and Psittacula krameri in the Rajasthan desert". Newsletter for Birdwatchers খণ্ড 16 (10): 5–6.
Vijayan, VS (1975) Ecological isolation of bulbuls (Family Pycnonotidae, Class Aves) with special reference to Pycnonotus cafer cafer (Linn.) and Pycnonotus luteolus luteolus (Lesson) at Point Calimere, Tamil Nadu. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Bombay, Bombay.
Watling D (1986). "The timing of the moult in native and naturalised populations of the Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer (Aves, Pycnonotidae)". South Pacific J. Nat. Sci. খণ্ড 8: 104–124.
Watling D (1983). "The breeding biology of the Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer in Fiji". Emu খণ্ড 83 (3): 173–180. doi:10.1071/MU9830173.
বাহ্যিক সংযোগ
ৱিকিমিডিয়া কমন্সত Pycnonotus cafer সম্পৰ্কীয় মিডিয়া ফাইল আছে।
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_nest_in_Anantgiri,_AP_W_IMG_8905.jpg)
_in_Tirunelveli,_India.jpg)
