Sawad

Peta Sawad ("Irak") di bawah pemerintahan Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah

Sawad adalah nama yang digunakan pada awal zaman Islam (abad ke-7–ke-12) untuk selatan Irak. Sawad berarti "tanah hitam" dan mengacu pada perbedaab kontras antara dataran aluvial dari Mesopotamia dan gurun Arab. Sawad pernah berada di bawah pemerintahan Umayyah dan Abbasiyyah, yang meliputi sebagian besar Irak modern (kecuali untuk gurun barat dan al-Jazira di utara).

Sebagai istilah generik, Sawad digunakan untuk menunjukkan irigasi dan dibudidayakan di daerah-daerah di setiap distrik.

Sumber

  • Schaeder, H.H. (1997). "Sawād". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume IX: San–Sze. Leiden and New York: BRILL. hlm. 87. ISBN 90-04-09419-9. 
  • Michele Campopiano, "Pajak Tanah Ala l-misāḥa dan muqāsama: Teori Hukum dan Keseimbangan kekuatan-Kekuatan Sosial di Awal abad Pertengahan Irak (Keenam hingga Kedelapan berabad-Abad)", dalam Jurnal Ekonomi dan Sejarah Sosial Orient, 54/2, 2011, 239-269 [1]

Read other articles:

QFU

Questa voce sull'argomento storia e cultura dell'aviazione è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Il QFU, uno dei codici Q, rappresenta l'orientamento magnetico di una pista di volo. La nomenclatura è del tipo x/y dove x varia da 0 a 18 e y differisce da x di 18. x indica la decina di gradi a partire da nord girando in senso orario, y indica l'orientamento della pista nel verso opposto (18x10=180°). Ad esempio una pista 04/22 ha orientamento 40…

この項目には、一部のコンピュータや閲覧ソフトで表示できない文字が含まれています(詳細)。 数字の大字(だいじ)は、漢数字の一種。通常用いる単純な字形の漢数字(小字)の代わりに同じ音の別の漢字を用いるものである。 概要 壱万円日本銀行券(「壱」が大字) 弐千円日本銀行券(「弐」が大字) 漢数字には「一」「二」「三」と続く小字と、「壱」「弐」…

This article is about the town. For other uses, see Sturminster Newton (disambiguation). Human settlement in EnglandSturminster NewtonThe White Hart, Market CrossCoat of Arms of Sturminster Newton Town CouncilSturminster NewtonLocation within DorsetPopulation5,234 (2018)OS grid referenceST786140Unitary authorityDorsetCeremonial countyDorsetRegionSouth WestCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townSTURMINSTER NEWTONPostcode districtDT10Dialling co…

مراحل التألق الحراري الثلاث كما لخصها إيتكن (1985، 1998) تنطبق على كرستالة كوارتز (كيزارس، 2008b) جزء من سلسلة مقالات حولعلم طبقات الأرض الفروع الرئيسية جيولوجيا جيوفيزياء طرق التأريخ الجيولوجي تأريخ نسبي تحديد العمر الحقيقي تأريخ إشعاعي جيوكرونولوجي الفروع المتعددة لعلم الجيول…

Region in New Zealand This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: South Canterbury – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Looking across Temuka and the Canterbury Plains toward the Southern Alps. Lake Tekapo, with Aoraki / Mount Cook and the …

علي بن الحسن بن المسلمة معلومات شخصية الحياة العملية المهنة كاتب  بوابة الأدب تعديل مصدري - تعديل   هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يناير 2020) علي بن الحسن البغدادي (397 -450 ه‍ / 1007-1059م)، كاتب ووزير عبا…

Частина серії проФілософіяLeft to right: Plato, Kant, Nietzsche, Buddha, Confucius, AverroesПлатонКантНіцшеБуддаКонфуційАверроес Філософи Епістемологи Естетики Етики Логіки Метафізики Соціально-політичні філософи Традиції Аналітична Арістотелівська Африканська Близькосхідна іранська Буддійсь…

Hungarian actor You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Hungarian. (June 2012) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Hungarian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into th…

Taxation in the Ottoman Empire Taxes Adet-i Ağnam Adet-i deştbani Ashar Avarız Bac-i pazar Bedl-i askeri Cizye Cürm-ü cinayet Damga resmi Gümrük resmi Haraç Ihtisab Ispendje Istira Maktu Mururiye resmi Muskirat resmi Nüzül Otlak resmi Rav akçesi Resm-i arusane Resm-i bennâk Resm-i bostan Resm-i çift Resm-i dönüm Resm-i filori Resm-i ganem Resm-i hınzır Resm-i mücerred Resm-i sicill Rusum-e-eflak Selamet isni Tapu resmi Tekalif-i orfiye Temettu Tuz resmi Zakat Implementation Ahi…

Cet article concerne la chaîne de télévision américaine. Pour les autres sujets ainsi que les déclinaisons locales de la chaîne, voir Nickelodeon. NickelodeonCaractéristiquesCréation 1er décembre 1977 (comme Pinwheel)1er avril 1979 (comme Nickelodeon)Propriétaire Warner Cable Corp. (1979)Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment (1979–1985)Paramount International Networks (depuis 1985)Format d'image 1080i (HDTV)480i (SDTV)Langue AnglaisPays États-UnisStatut Chaîne généraliste jeune…

Part of a series onAnarchism History Outline Schools of thought Feminist Green Primitivist Social ecology Total liberation Individualist Egoist Free-market Naturist Philosophical Mutualism Postcolonial African Black Queer Religious Christian Jewish Social Collectivist Parecon Communist Magonism Without adjectives Methodology Agorism Illegalism Insurrectionary Communization Expropriative Pacifist Platformism Especifismo Relationship Syndicalist Synthesis Theory Practice Anarchy Anarchist Black Cr…

本文或本章節是關於未來的公共运输建設或計划。未有可靠来源的臆測內容可能會被移除,現時內容可能與竣工情況有所出入。 此条目讲述中国大陆處於施工或详细规划阶段的工程。设计阶段的資訊,或許与竣工后情況有所出入。无可靠来源供查证的猜测会被移除。 设想中的三条路线方案[1]。 臺灣海峽隧道或臺湾海峡橋隧(英語:Taiwan Strait Tunnel Project)是一项工程设…

American pianist and composer Anthony Davis (born February 20, 1951)[1] is an American pianist and composer. He incorporates several styles including jazz, rhythm 'n' blues, gospel, non-Western, African, European classical, Indonesian gamelan, and experimental music.[2] He has played with several groups and is also a professor of music at the University of California, San Diego. Davis is perhaps best known for his operas; he has been called the dean of African-American opera comp…

Election in Hawaii Main article: 1972 United States presidential election 1972 United States presidential election in Hawaii ← 1968 November 7, 1972 1976 →   Nominee Richard Nixon George McGovern Party Republican Democratic Home state California South Dakota Running mate Spiro Agnew Sargent Shriver Electoral vote 4 0 Popular vote 168,865 101,409 Percentage 62.48% 37.52% County Results Nixon  50-60%  60-70% President before e…

This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: 2015 Sacramento Republic FC season – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2015) Sacramento Republic FC 2015 soccer seasonSacramento Republic FC2015 seasonOwnerWarren SmithHead coachPreki (Through July 11) Paul Buckle (From July 12)Stadiu…

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Brenda Bazinet adalah seorang aktris Kanada. Dia adalah penerima Gemini Award dan telah dinominasikan empat kali untuk Dora Mavor Moore Award.[1] Bazinet lahir di Saskatchewan dan besar di sana.[2] Dia menghadiri sekolah menengah di Stoug…

(fr)Banu Hilal(ar)بَنُو هِلَالٍHilalites Tribu arabe des Banu Hilal, dans le sud d'Oran en Algérie, 1888. Période Xe – XIIIe siècle Ethnie Arabes (Arabes du Nord) Hawazin Langue(s) Arabe Religion Islam Région d'origine Arabie Région actuelle Algérie Tunisie Libye Égypte Maroc Mauritanie Arabie saoudite Syrie Irak Qatar Yémen Émirats arabes unis modifier  Les Banu Hilal, Hilalites ou Hilaliens (en arabe : بنو هلال) étaient une confédération de t…

Roman Catholic diocese in the Philippines Diocese of CubaoDioecesis CubaoensisDiyosesis ng CubaoDiócesis de CubaoCatholic Interior of Immaculate Conception Cathedral of CubaoCoat of arms with the motto Civitas Supra Montem Posita (A City Set on a Hill)LocationCountry PhilippinesTerritoryQuezon City District 1 District 3 (except Barangay Matandang Balara) District 4 District 6 (some barangays) Ecclesiastical provinceManilaMetropolitanManilaStatisticsArea76 km2 (29 sq mi)Popul…

Niagara Escarpment in Kelso Conservation Area in August 2004 Kelso Conservation Area is located near Milton, Ontario on the Niagara Escarpment and is owned and operated by Conservation Halton. This park has an area of 3.97 square kilometres and contains Lake Kelso which was built for flood control of Sixteen Mile Creek and has a sandy beach for swimmers in the summer with a food concession and board walk along the lake to the Boat Rental shop which offers the rentals of canoes, kayaks, paddle bo…

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources. Chronological aspect of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia The following is a historical events of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, including its formation prior to 20th century by chronology. Prior to 20th century Part of a series on the History of Ethiopia Early history Prehistory   Dʿmt 980 – 400 BC Middle Ages Aksum 100 –…