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Rumpun bahasa Tsimshianik
Bahasa-bahasa Tsimshianik adalah sebuah rumpun bahasa yang dituturkan di British Columbia barat laut dan di Alaska Tenggara, tepatnya di Pulau Annette dan Ketchikan. Semua bahasa-bahasa Tsimshianik terancam kepunahan, beberapa bahasa hanya memiliki sekitar 400 penutur. Hanya sekitar 2.170 orang dari populasi etnik Tsimshian di Kanada yang masih menuturkan sebuah bahasa Tsimshianik;[2] sekitar 50 dari 1.300 orang Tsimshian tinggal yang di Alaska masih menuturkan bahasa Tsimshian Pesisir.[3][4] Bahasa-bahasa Tsimshianik dianggap oleh sebagian besar ahli bahasa sebagai rumpun bahasa independen, dengan empat bahasa utama: Tsimshian Pesisir, Tsimshian Selatan, Nisg̱a’a, dan Gitksan.[5]
Bahasa-bahasa Tsimshianik dimasukkan oleh Edward Sapir dalam hipotesis Penutian olehnya, yang sekarang tidak diterima secara luas, setidaknya dalam bentuk lengkapnya. Pengaitan Penutian dengan Tsimshianik telah dievaluasi kembali oleh Marie-Lucie Tarpent, yang menganggap ide tersebut masuk akal,[6] meskipun yang lainnya menganggap rumpun Tsimshianik tidak berkerabat dekat dengan bahasa lain di Amerika Utara.[7][8]
Pranala luar
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2023). "Tsimshianik". Glottolog 4.8. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ "Statistics Canada 2006". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-02-22. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-09.
- ^ Alaska Native Language Center. (2001-12-07). "Tsimshian." Diarsipkan 2007-05-01 di Wayback Machine. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Retrieved on 2007-04-11.
- ^ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.). (2005). "Tsimshian." Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th ed. (online version). Dallas, TX: SIL International Retrieved on 2007-04-11.
- ^ Alaska Native Heritage Center. (2000). "Eyak, Haida, Tlingit & Tsimshian." Diarsipkan 2007-05-28 di Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2007-04-11.
- ^ Tarpent, Marie-Lucie (1997). "Tsimshianic and Penutian: Problems, Methods, Results, and Implications". International Journal of American Linguistics. 63 (1): 65–112. doi:10.1086/466314. JSTOR 1265865.
- ^ Bicevskis, Katie; Davis, Henry; Matthewson, Lisa (2017). "Quantification in Gitksan". Dalam Paperno, Denis; Keenan, Edward L. Handbook of Quantifiers in Natural Language. Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy. II. Springer. hlm. 282. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44330-0_6. ISBN 978-3-319-44328-7.
Though Tsimshianic is unmistakably part of the central northwest coastal Sprachbund (Beck 2002), no convincing evidence has been forthcoming for a genetic relationship between it and any other language family, in spite of persistent attempts to lump the family into the hypothetical Penutian stock, whose other members are found far to the south in Oregon and California (see for example Sapir 1921 and Tarpent 1997).
- ^ Brown, Jason (2010). Gitksan Phonotactics. Munich: Lincom Europa. hlm. 5. ISBN 978-3-89586-589-3.
While the Tsimshianic language family is considered by some to be an isolate, others have considered it to be a member of a much larger stock. In particular, Sapir (1921) classified Tsimshianic as a part of the Penutian stock. More recently, DeLancey et al. (1988) and Tarpent (1996, 1997) have re-argued this point, suggesting that Tsimshianic is indeed a Penutian language. These authors point to morphological, phonemic, and lexical correspondences to make this claim. However, the major problems that have been expressed in the literature about the Penutian stock, as well as the problems with Tsimshianic as a part of that stock (see the discussion in Rigsby 1986, as well as Campbell 1997 for a general overview) cast doubt on this relationship. I take the conservative position that the Tsimshianic family is an isolate, and not related to the Penutian stock, or any other hypothesized stocks, though nothing in this work hinges on that position.
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