Rhizobium

Rhizobium
	Rhizobium tropici on an agar plate.
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan:	Bacteria
Filum:	Proteobacteria
Kelas:	Alphaproteobacteria
Ordo:	Rhizobiales
Famili:	Rhizobiaceae
Genus:	Rhizobium; Frank 1889
Spesies tipe
	Rhizobium leguminosarum;
Spesies
	Lihat teks.

Rhizobium adalah genus bakteri tanah Gram-negatif yang memfiksasi nitrogen. Spesies Rhizobium membentuk asosiasi pengikat nitrogen endosimbiotik dengan akar kacang-kacangan dan Parasponia.

Bakteri ini mengkolonisasi sel-sel tumbuhan di dalam nodul akar, di mana mereka mengubah nitrogen atmosfer menjadi amonia dan kemudian memberikan senyawa nitrogen organik seperti glutamina atau ureida ke tanaman. Tanaman, pada gilirannya, menyediakan senyawa organik yang dibuat dengan fotosintesis untuk bakteri.^[2] Hubungan yang saling menguntungkan ini terjadi pada semua rhizobia, di mana genus Rhizobium adalah contoh yang khas.

Sejarah

Martinus Beijerinck adalah yang pertama kali mengisolasi dan menumbuhkan mikroorganisme dari nodul kacang-kacangan pada tahun 1888. Ia menamakannya Bacillus radicicola, yang sekarang ditempatkan dalam Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology di bawah genus Rhizobium.

Penelitian

Rhizobium membentuk hubungan simbiosis dengan tanaman tertentu seperti kacang-kacangan, memfiksasi nitrogen dari udara menjadi amonia, yang bertindak sebagai pupuk alami untuk tanaman. Penelitian saat ini sedang dilakukan oleh ahli mikrobiologi dari Agricultural Research Service untuk menemukan cara untuk memanfaatkan fiksasi nitrogen Rhizobium. Penelitian ini melibatkan pemetaan genetik dari berbagai spesies rhizobia dengan spesies tanaman simbiotik masing-masing, seperti alfalfa atau kedelai. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan produktivitas tanaman tanpa menggunakan pupuk.^[3]

Dalam biologi molekuler, Rhizobium juga telah diidentifikasi sebagai pencemar dari kit pereaksi ekstraksi DNA dan sistem air ultra murni, sehingga Rhizobium dapat muncul secara keliru di kumpulan data mikrobiota atau metagenom.^[4] Kehadiran bakteri pengikat nitrogen sebagai kontaminan mungkin karena penggunaan gas nitrogen dalam produksi air ultra-murni untuk menghambat pertumbuhan mikrob dalam tangki penyimpanan.^[5]

Spesies

Rhizobium aegyptiacum Shamseldin et al. 2016
Rhizobium aggregatum (Hirsch and Müller 1986) Kaur et al. 2011^[6]
Rhizobium alamii Berge et al. 2009
Rhizobium altiplani Baraúna et al. 2016
Rhizobium alvei Sheu et al. 2015
Rhizobium anhuiense Zhang et al. 2015
Rhizobium azibense Mnasri et al. 2014
Rhizobium azooxidifex Behrendt et al. 2016
Rhizobium bangladeshense Harun-or Rashid et al. 2015
- symbiovar trifolii
- symbiovar viciae
Rhizobium binae Harun-or Rashid et al. 2015
Rhizobium calliandrae Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
Rhizobium capsici Lin et al. 2015
Rhizobium cauense Liu et al. 2015
Rhizobium cellulosilyticum García-Fraile et al. 2007
Rhizobium daejeonense Quan et al. 2005
Rhizobium ecuadorense Ribeiro et al. 2015
Rhizobium endolithicum Parag et al. 2014
Rhizobium endophyticum López-López et al. 2010
Rhizobium etli Segovia et al. 1993^[7]
- symbiovar mimosae
- symbiovar phaseoli
Rhizobium fabae Tian et al. 2008
Rhizobium flavum Gu et al. 2014
Rhizobium freirei Dall'Agnol et all. 2013
Rhizobium gallicum Amarger et al. 1997
- symbiovar gallicum^[8]
- symbiovar orientale^[9]
- symbiovar phaseoli^[8]
Rhizobium grahamii López-López et al. 2011
Rhizobium hainanense Chen et al. 1997
Rhizobium halophytocola Bibi et al. 2012
Rhizobium halotolerans Diange and Lee 2013^[10]
Rhizobium indigoferae Wei et al. 2002
Rhizobium jaguaris Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
Rhizobium kunmingense Shen et al. 2010
Rhizobium laguerreae Saïdi et al. 2014
Rhizobium leguminosarum (Frank 1879) Frank 1889
- symbiovar trifolii
- symbiovar viciae
Rhizobium lemnae Kittiwongwattana & Thawai 2014
Rhizobium lentis Harun-or Rashid et al. 2015
Rhizobium leucaenae Ribeiro et al. 2011
Rhizobium loessense Wei et al. 2003
Rhizobium lusitanum Valverde et al. 2006
"Candidatus Rhizobium massiliae" Greub et al. 2004.
Rhizobium mayense Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
Rhizobium mesoamericanum López-López et al. 2011
Rhizobium mesosinicum Lin et al. 2009
Rhizobium metallidurans Grison et al. 2015
Rhizobium miluonense Gu et al. 2008
Rhizobium mongolense Herr Baronn O. Vonn Berkum et al. 1998^[9]
Rhizobium multihospitium Han et al. 2008
Rhizobium naphthalenivorans Kaiya et al. 2012
Rhizobium oryzicola Zhang et al. 2015
Rhizobium pakistanensis Khalid et al. 2014
Rhizobium paranaense Dall'Agnol et al. 2014
Rhizobium petrolearium Zhang et al. 2012
Rhizobium phaseoli Dangeard 1926 emend. Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008
Rhizobium phenanthrenilyticum Wen et al. 2011
Rhizobium pisi Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008
- symbiovar trifolii^[11]
- symbiovar viciae^[11]
Rhizobium pongamiae Kesari et al. 2013^[12]
Rhizobium populi Rozahon et al. 2014
Rhizobium qilianshanense Xu et al. 2013^[13]
Rhizobium rhizogenes (Riker et al. 1930) Young et al. 2001
Rhizobium rhizoryzae Zhang et al. 2014
Rhizobium rosettiformans Kaur et al. 2011
Rhizobium selenitireducens corrig. Hunter et al. 2008
Rhizobium smilacinae Zhang et al. 2014
Rhizobium soli Yoon et al. 2010
Rhizobium sophorae Jiao et al. 2014
Rhizobium sophoriradicis Jiao et al. 2014
Rhizobium straminoryzae Lin et al. 2014
Rhizobium subbaraonis Ramana et al. 2013
Rhizobium sullae Squartini et al. 2002
Rhizobium tarimense Turdahon et al. 2012^[14]
Rhizobium tibeticum Hou et al. 2009
Rhizobium tropici Martínez-Romero et al. 1991
Rhizobium tubonense Zhang et al. 2011
Rhizobium vallis Wang et all. 2011^[15]
Rhizobium yanglingense Tan et al. 2001^[9]
Rhizobium yantingense Chen et al. 2015

Filogeni

Taksonomi yang diterima saat ini berdasarkan List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) ^[1] dan National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)^[16] dan filogeninya berdasarkan LTP rilis 106 berbasis 16S rRNA oleh The All-Species Living Tree Project.^[17]

Rhizobium lusitanum Valverde et al. 2006

Rhizobium rhizogenes (Riker et al. 1930) Young et al. 2001

Agrobacterium rubi Hildebrand 1940

	Rhizobium multihospitium Han et al. 2008

	Rhizobium tropici Martínez-Romero et al. 1991

Rhizobium miluonense Gu et al. 2008

Rhizobium leguminosarum (Frank 1879) Frank 1889 (Approved Lists 1980) emend. Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008^[18]

	Rhizobium endophyticum López-López et al. 2011

	Rhizobium tibeticum Hou et al. 2009

Rhizobium etli Segovia et al. 1993

Rhizobium pisi Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008

Rhizobium phaseoli Dangeard 1926 (Approved Lists 1980) emend. Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008

Rhizobium fabae Tian et al. 2008

Rhizobium hainanense Chen et al. 1997

	Arthrobacter viscosus Gasdorf et al. 1965^[19]

	Rhizobium alamii Berge et al. 2009

	Rhizobium mesosinicum Lin et al. 2009

Rhizobium sullae Squartini et al. 2002

Rhizobium indigoferae Wei et al. 2002

Rhizobium gallicum Amarger et al. 1997

Rhizobium yanglingense Tan et al. 2001

Rhizobium mongolense Van Berkum et al. 1998

Rhizobium oryzae Peng et al. 2008

Rhizobium loessense Wei et al. 2003

Rhizobium tubonense Zhang et al. 2011

	Rhizobium cellulosilyticum García-Fraile et al. 2007

	Rhizobium soli Yoon et al. 2010

	Neorhizobium galegae Lindström 1989

	Neorhizobium vignae Ren et al. 2011

Neorhizobium huautlense Wang et al. 1998

Neorhizobium alkalisoli Lu et al. 2009

Referensi

^ ^a ^b J.P. Euzéby. "Rhizobium". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-05-23. Diakses tanggal 2012-05-02.
^ Sawada H, Kuykendall LD, Young JM (2003). "Changing concepts in the systematics of bacterial nitrogen-fixing legume symbionts". J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 49 (3): 155–79. doi:10.2323/jgam.49.155. PMID 12949698.
^ "Marvelous Microbe Collections Accelerate Discoveries To Protect People, Plants—and More!". Agricultural Research. United States Department of Agriculture. January 2010. Diakses tanggal 10 August 2018.
^ Templat:Cite biorxiv
^ Kulakov, L; McAlister, M; Ogden, K; Larkin, M; O'Hanlon, J (2002). "Analysis of Bacteria Contaminating Ultrapure Water in Industrial Systems". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 68: 1548–1555. doi:10.1128/AEM.68.4.1548-1555.2002. PMC 123900 . PMID 11916667.
^ NOTE: This strain was formerly named Blastobacter aggregatus.
^ NOTE: This species was formerly known as R. leguminosarum sv. phaseoli.
^ ^a ^b Amarger N, Macheret V, Laguerre G (1997). "Rhizobium gallicum sp. nov. and Rhizobium giardinii sp. nov., from Phaseolus vulgaris nodules". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47 (4): 996–1006. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-4-996. PMID 9336898.
^ ^a ^b ^c NOTE: R. gallicum and R. mongolense are 99.2% identical in their rDNA and may be the same species. It has been proposed by Silva et al. that R. mongolense and R. yanglingense be reclassified as R. gallicum sv. orientale.
^ Diange, E. A.; Lee, S. S. (2013). "Rhizobium halotolerans sp. nov., Isolated from Chloroethylenes Contaminated Soil". Current Microbiology. 66 (6): 599–605. doi:10.1007/s00284-013-0313-x. PMID 23377488.
^ ^a ^b Marek-Kozaczuk M, Leszcz A, Wielbo J, Wdowiak-Wróbel S, Skorupska A (2013). "Rhizobium pisi sv. trifolii K3.22 harboring nod genes of the Rhizobium leguminosarum sv. trifolii cluster". Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 36 (4): 252–8. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2013.01.005. PMID 23507586.
^ Kesari, V.; Ramesh, A. M.; Rangan, L. (2013). "Rhizobium pongamiae sp. nov. From Root Nodules of Pongamia pinnata". BioMed Research International. 2013: 1–9. doi:10.1155/2013/165198.
^ Xu, Lin; Zhang, Yong; Deng, Zheng Shan; Zhao, Liang; Wei, Xiu Li; Wei, Ge Hong (2013). "Rhizobium qilianshanense sp. nov., a novel species isolated from root nodule of *Oxytropis ochrocephala Bunge in China". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 103 (3): 559–565. doi:10.1007/s10482-012-9840-x.
^ Turdahon M, Osman G, Hamdun M, Yusuf K, Abdurehim Z, Abaydulla G, Abdukerim M, Fang C, Rahman E (2012). "Rhizobium tarimense sp. nov. isolated from soil in the ancient Khiyik river of Xinjiang, China". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 63 (Pt 7): 2424–9. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.042176-0. PMID 23203621.
^ Fang Wang; En Tao Wang; Li Juan Wu; Xin Hua Sui; Ying Li Jr. & Wen Xin Chen (2011). "Rhizobium vallis sp. nov., isolated from nodules of three leguminous species". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61 (11): 2582–2588. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.026484-0. PMID 21131504.
^ Sayers; et al. "Rhizobium/Agrobacterium group". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Diakses tanggal 2012-05-02.
^ All-Species Living Tree Project."16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 (full tree)" (PDF). Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2012-05-07. Diakses tanggal 2012-05-02.
^ This is the type species for the genus.
^ Arthrobacter viscosus sekarang diklasifikasikan dalam Micrococcaceae. Lihat Arthrobacter.

Pranala luar

[LPSN-1] J.P. Euzéby. "Rhizobium". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-05-23. Diakses tanggal 2012-05-02.

[2] Sawada H, Kuykendall LD, Young JM (2003). "Changing concepts in the systematics of bacterial nitrogen-fixing legume symbionts". J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 49 (3): 155–79. doi:10.2323/jgam.49.155. PMID 12949698.

[3] "Marvelous Microbe Collections Accelerate Discoveries To Protect People, Plants—and More!". Agricultural Research. United States Department of Agriculture. January 2010. Diakses tanggal 10 August 2018.

[4] Templat:Cite biorxiv

[5] Kulakov, L; McAlister, M; Ogden, K; Larkin, M; O'Hanlon, J (2002). "Analysis of Bacteria Contaminating Ultrapure Water in Industrial Systems". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 68: 1548–1555. doi:10.1128/AEM.68.4.1548-1555.2002. PMC 123900 . PMID 11916667.

[6] NOTE: This strain was formerly named Blastobacter aggregatus.

[7] NOTE: This species was formerly known as R. leguminosarum sv. phaseoli.

[Amarger-8] Amarger N, Macheret V, Laguerre G (1997). "Rhizobium gallicum sp. nov. and Rhizobium giardinii sp. nov., from Phaseolus vulgaris nodules". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47 (4): 996–1006. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-4-996. PMID 9336898.

[Berkum-9] NOTE: R. gallicum and R. mongolense are 99.2% identical in their rDNA and may be the same species. It has been proposed by Silva et al. that R. mongolense and R. yanglingense be reclassified as R. gallicum sv. orientale.

[10] Diange, E. A.; Lee, S. S. (2013). "Rhizobium halotolerans sp. nov., Isolated from Chloroethylenes Contaminated Soil". Current Microbiology. 66 (6): 599–605. doi:10.1007/s00284-013-0313-x. PMID 23377488.

[Marek-Kozaczuk-11] Marek-Kozaczuk M, Leszcz A, Wielbo J, Wdowiak-Wróbel S, Skorupska A (2013). "Rhizobium pisi sv. trifolii K3.22 harboring nod genes of the Rhizobium leguminosarum sv. trifolii cluster". Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 36 (4): 252–8. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2013.01.005. PMID 23507586.

[12] Kesari, V.; Ramesh, A. M.; Rangan, L. (2013). "Rhizobium pongamiae sp. nov. From Root Nodules of Pongamia pinnata". BioMed Research International. 2013: 1–9. doi:10.1155/2013/165198.

[13] Xu, Lin; Zhang, Yong; Deng, Zheng Shan; Zhao, Liang; Wei, Xiu Li; Wei, Ge Hong (2013). "Rhizobium qilianshanense sp. nov., a novel species isolated from root nodule of *Oxytropis ochrocephala Bunge in China". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 103 (3): 559–565. doi:10.1007/s10482-012-9840-x.

[14] Turdahon M, Osman G, Hamdun M, Yusuf K, Abdurehim Z, Abaydulla G, Abdukerim M, Fang C, Rahman E (2012). "Rhizobium tarimense sp. nov. isolated from soil in the ancient Khiyik river of Xinjiang, China". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 63 (Pt 7): 2424–9. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.042176-0. PMID 23203621.

[15] Fang Wang; En Tao Wang; Li Juan Wu; Xin Hua Sui; Ying Li Jr. & Wen Xin Chen (2011). "Rhizobium vallis sp. nov., isolated from nodules of three leguminous species". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 61 (11): 2582–2588. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.026484-0. PMID 21131504.

[16] Sayers; et al. "Rhizobium/Agrobacterium group". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Diakses tanggal 2012-05-02.

[17] All-Species Living Tree Project."16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 (full tree)" (PDF). Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2012-05-07. Diakses tanggal 2012-05-02.

[18] This is the type species for the genus.

[19] Arthrobacter viscosus sekarang diklasifikasikan dalam Micrococcaceae. Lihat Arthrobacter.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

Rhizobium

Sejarah

Penelitian

Spesies

Filogeni

Referensi

Pranala luar

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered

A PHP Error was encountered