Pandangan agama Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler pada tahun 1927; foto oleh Heinrich Hoffmann, Bundesarchiv

Kepercayaan agama Adolf Hitler telah menjadi bahan perdebatan. Sejumlah besar sejarawan menganggapnya irelijius, anti-Kristen, anti-rohaniwan dan santistik.[1] Dalam sorotan bukti seperti kritikan pedas dan penolakan vokalnya terhadap penekanan Kekristenan,[2] sejumlah pernyataan pribadi menyatakan kecaman-kecaman terhadap Kekristenan sebagai takhayul berbahaya,[1] dan upaya kuatnya untuk mengurangi pengaruh dan kemerdekaan Kristen di Jerman setelah ia naik kekuasaan, para biografer akademik utama Hitler menyatakan bahwa ia adalah irelijius dan memusuhi Kristen.[1] Sejarawan Laurence Rees tak menemukan bukti bahwa "dalam kehidupan pribadinya, Hitler bahkan mengekspresikan keyakinan pada penekanan-penekanan dasar gereja Kristen".[3] Ernst Hanfstaengl, seorang teman pada masa-masa awalnya di dunia politik, berkata bahwa Hitler "merupakan seorang ateis pada setiap tujuan dan keperluan pada masa ia mengenalnya". Namun, para sejarawan seperti Richard Weikart dan Alan Bullock meragukan anggapan bahwa ia adalah ateis tulen, dengan menyatakan bahwa meskipun ia benci Kristen, ia masih memegang bentuk keyakinan spiritual.[4]

Referensi

Catatan

1. • Richard Overy; The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia; Allen Lane/Penguin; 2004, pp. 287: "During the War [Hitler] reflected that in the long run, ‘National Socialism and religion will no longer be able to exist together. Both Stalin and Hitler wanted a neutered religion, subservient to the state, while the slow programme of scientific revelation destroyed the foundation of religious myth."
   • Richard Overy: The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia; Allen Lane/Penguin; 2004, p. 281: "Hitler believed that all religions were now 'decadent'; in Europe it was the 'collapse of Christianity that we are now experiencing'. The reason for the crisis was science."
   • Richard J. Evans; The Third Reich at War; Penguin Press; New York 2009, p. 547: wrote that Hitler believed that in the long run National Socialism and religion would not be able to co-exist, and stressed repeatedly that Nazism was a secular ideology, founded on modern science: "Science, he declared, would easily destroy the last remaining vestiges of superstition". Germany could not tolerate the intervention of foreign influences such as the Pope and "Priests, he said, were 'black bugs', 'abortions in black cassocks'".
   • Alan Bullock, Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives, Fontana Press 1993, p. 412.: Bullock notes Hitler's use of rhetoric of "Providence" but concludes that Hitler, Stalin and Napoleon all shared the same materialist outlook "based on the nineteenth century rationalists' certainty that the progress of science would destroy all myths and had already proved Christian doctrine to be an absurdity"
   • Hitler's Table Talk: Hitler is reported as saying: "The dogma of Christianity gets worn away before the advances of science. Religion will have to make more and more concessions. Gradually the myths crumble. All that's left is to prove that in nature there is no frontier between the organic and the inorganic. When understanding of the universe has become widespread, when the majority of men know that the stars are not sources of light but worlds, perhaps inhabited worlds like ours, then the Christian doctrine will be convicted of absurdity."
2. • Alan Bullock; Hitler: a Study in Tyranny; Harper Perennial Edition 1991; p. 219: "Hitler had been brought up a Catholic and was impressed by the organization and power of the Church... [but] to its teachings he showed only the sharpest hostility... he detested [Christianity]'s ethics in particular".
   • Ian Kershaw; Hitler: a Biography; Norton; 2008 ed; pp. 295–297: "In early 1937 [Hitler] was declaring that 'Christianity was ripe for destruction', and that the Churches must yield to the 'primacy of the state', railing against any compromise with 'the most horrible institution imaginable'"
   • Richard J. Evans; The Third Reich at War; Penguin Press; New York 2009, p. 547: Evans wrote that Hitler believed Germany could not tolerate the intervention of foreign influences such as the Pope and "Priests, he said, were 'black bugs', 'abortions in black cassocks'". Evans noted that Hitler saw Christianity as "indelibly Jewish in origin and character" and a "prototype of Bolshevism", which "violated the law of natural selection".
   • Richard Overy: The Dictators Hitler's Germany Stalin's Russia; Allen Lane/Penguin; 2004.p 281: "[Hitler's] few private remarks on Christianity betray a profound contempt and indifference".
   • A. N. Wilson; Hitler a Short Biography; Harper Press; 2012, p. 71.: "Much is sometimes made of the Catholic upbringing of Hitler... it was something to which Hitler himself often made allusion, and he was nearly always violently hostile. 'The biretta! The mere sight of these abortions in cassocks makes me wild!'"
   • Laurence Rees; The Dark Charisma of Adolf Hitler; Ebury Press; 2012; p. 135.; "There is no evidence that Hitler himself, in his personal life, ever expressed any individual belief in the basic tenets of the Christian church".
   • Derek Hastings (2010). Catholicism and the Roots of Nazism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 181 : Hastings considers it plausible that Hitler was a Catholic as late as his trial in 1924, but writes that "there is little doubt that Hitler was a staunch opponent of Christianity throughout the duration of the Third Reich."
   • Joseph Goebbels (Fred Taylor Translation); The Goebbels Diaries 1939–41; Hamish Hamilton Ltd; London; 1982; ISBN 0-241-10893-4 : In his entry for 29 April 1941, Goebbels noted long discussions about the Vatican and Christianity, and wrote: "The Fuhrer is a fierce opponent of all that humbug".
   • Albert Speer; Inside the Third Reich: Memoirs; Translation by Richard and Clara Winston; Macmillan; New York; 1970; p.123: "Once I have settled my other problem," [Hitler] occasionally declared, "I'll have my reckoning with the church. I'll have it reeling on the ropes." But Bormann did not want this reckoning postponed [...] he would take out a document from his pocket and begin reading passages from a defiant sermon or pastoral letter. Frequently Hitler would become so worked up... and vowed to punish the offending clergyman eventually... That he could not immediately retaliate raised h a white heat..."
   • Hitler's Table Talk: Hitler is reported as saying: "The dogma of Christianity gets worn away before the advances of science. Religion will have to make more and more concessions. Gradually the myths crumble. All that's left is to prove that in nature there is no frontier between the organic and the inorganic. When understanding of the universe has become widespread, when the majority of men know that the stars are not sources of light but worlds, perhaps inhabited worlds like ours, then the Christian doctrine will be convicted of absurdity."
3. * Alan Bullock; Hitler: a Study in Tyranny; Harper Perennial Edition 1991; p. 219: "Hitler had been brought up a Catholic and was impressed by the organization and power of the Church... [but] to its teachings he showed only the sharpest hostility... he detested [Christianity]'s ethics in particular"
   • Ian Kershaw; Hitler: a Biography; Norton; 2008 ed; pp. 295–297: "In early 1937 [Hitler] was declaring that 'Christianity was ripe for destruction', and that the Churches must yield to the 'primacy of the state', railing against any compromise with 'the most horrible institution imaginable'"
   • Richard J. Evans; The Third Reich at War; Penguin Press; New York 2009, p. 547: Evans wrote that Hitler believed Germany could not tolerate the intervention of foreign influences such as the Pope and "Priests, he said, were 'black bugs', 'abortions in black cassocks'". Evans noted that Hitler saw Christianity as "indelibly Jewish in origin and character" and a "prototype of Bolshevism", which "violated the law of natural selection".
   • Richard Overy: The Dictators Hitler's Germany Stalin's Russia; Allen Lane/Penguin; 2004.p 281: "[Hitler's] few private remarks on Christianity betray a profound contempt and indifference".
   • A. N. Wilson; Hitler a Short Biography; Harper Press; 2012, p. 71.: "Much is sometimes made of the Catholic upbringing of Hitler... it was something to which Hitler himself often made allusion, and he was nearly always violently hostile. 'The biretta! The mere sight of these abortions in cassocks makes me wild!'"
   • Laurence Rees; The Dark Charisma of Adolf Hitler; Ebury Press; 2012; p. 135.; "There is no evidence that Hitler himself, in his personal life, ever expressed any individual belief in the basic tenets of the Christian church"
   • Derek Hastings (2010). Catholicism and the Roots of Nazism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 181 : Hastings considers it plausible that Hitler was a Catholic as late as his trial in 1924, but writes that "there is little doubt that Hitler was a staunch opponent of Christianity throughout the duration of the Third Reich."
   • Joseph Goebbels (Fred Taylor Translation); The Goebbels Diaries 1939–41; Hamish Hamilton Ltd; London; 1982; ISBN 0-241-10893-4 : In his entry for 29 April 1941, Goebbels noted long discussions about the Vatican and Christianity, and wrote: "The Fuhrer is a fierce opponent of all that humbug".
   • Albert Speer; Inside the Third Reich: Memoirs; Translation by Richard and Clara Winston; Macmillan; New York; 1970; p.123: "Once I have settled my other problem," [Hitler] occasionally declared, "I'll have my reckoning with the church. I'll have it reeling on the ropes." But Bormann did not want this reckoning postponed ... he would take out a document from his pocket and begin reading passages from a defiant sermon or pastoral letter. Frequently Hitler would become so worked up ... and vowed to punish the offending clergyman eventually ... That he could not immediately retaliate raised him to a white heat ..."
   • Hitler's Table Talk: "The dogma of Christianity gets worn away before the advances of science. Religion will have to make more and more concessions. Gradually the myths crumble. All that's left is to prove that in nature there is no frontier between the organic and the inorganic. When understanding of the universe has become widespread, when the majority of men know that the stars are not sources of light but worlds, perhaps inhabited worlds like ours, then the Christian doctrine will be convicted of absurdity."
4. Weikart, Richard (2016). Hitler's Religion: The Twisted Beliefs that Drove the Third Reich. Simon and Schuster. hlm. 40. ISBN 1621575519. 

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Daftar pustaka

• Angebert, Jean-Michel (1974), The Occult and the Third Reich, Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-02-502150-1 .
• Baynes, Norman (1942), The Speeches of Adolf Hitler: April 1922 – August 1939, 1, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-598-75893-4 .
• Bullock, Alan (1991), Hitler: A Study in Tyranny, Abridged Edition, New York: Harper Perennial, ISBN 0-06-092020-3 
• Cameron, Norman; Stevens, R. H. Stevens; Weinberg, Gerhard L.; Trevor-Roper, H. R. (2007). Hitler's Table Talk 1941–1944: Secret Conversations. New York: Enigma Books. ISBN 9781936274932. 
• Carrier, Richard (2003), "'Hitler's Table Talk': Troubling Finds", German Studies Review, 26 (3), hlm. 561–576, doi:10.2307/1432747 .
• Davies, Norman (1996), Europe: A History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-820171-7 .
• Dawidowicz, Lucy (1986), The War Against the Jews: 1933–1945, Bantam, ISBN 978-0-553-34532-2 .
• De George, Richard; Scanlan, James (1975), Marxism and religion in Eastern Europe: papers presented at the Banff International Slavic Conference, September 4–7, 1974, Dordrecht: D. Reidel .
• Fest, Joachim (1973), Hitler: Eine Biographie, Propyläen, ISBN 978-3-549-07301-8 .
• Fest, Joachim (2002), Hitler, Harcourt, ISBN 978-0-15-602754-0 .
• Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (1985), The Occult Roots of Nazism: The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany, 1890–1935, Wellingborough, England: The Aquarian Press, ISBN 978-0-85030-402-2 .
• Gunther, John (1938), Inside Europe, New York: Harper & brothers .
• Hart, Stephen; Hart, Russell; Hughes, Matthew (2000), The German soldier in World War II, Osceola, Wisconsin: MBI .
• Hitler, Adolf (1926), Mein Kampf, 2 .
• Irving, David (1978), The War Path: Hitler's Germany, 1933–1939, New York: Viking Press, ISBN 978-0-670-74971-3 .
• Kershaw, Ian (1987), The 'Hitler Myth': Image and Reality in the Third Reich, Oxford University Press .
• Kershaw, Ian (2000), Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris, London: W. W. Norton & Company (dipublikasikan tanggal 1999), ISBN 978-0-393-32035-0 .
• Kershaw, Ian (2008), Hitler a Biography, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6 .
• Miner, Steven (2003), Stalin's Holy War, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-0-8078-2736-9 .
• Rissmann, Michael (2001), Hitlers Gott. Vorsehungsglaube und Sendungsbewußtsein des deutschen Diktators, Zürich München: Pendo, hlm. 94–96, ISBN 978-3-85842-421-1 .
• Sage, Steven (2006), Ibsen and Hitler: the playwright, the plagiarist, and the plot for the Third Reich, New York: Carroll & Graf, ISBN 978-0-7867-1713-2 
• Schramm, Percy Ernst (1978) "The Anatomy of a Dictator" in Hitler: The Man and the Military Leader. Detwiler, Donald S., ed. Malabar, Florida: Robert E. Kreiger Publishing Company. ISBN 0-89874-962-X; originally published as the introduction to Picker, Henry (1963) Hitlers Tischgespräche im Führerhauptquarter ("Hitler's Table Talk")
• Shirer, William (1960), The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany, New York: Simon & Schuster, diakses tanggal 2008-04-28 .
• Siemon-Netto, Uwe (1995), The Fabricated Luther: The Rise and Fall of the Shirer Myth, St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, ISBN 978-0-570-04800-8 .
• Speer, Albert (1997), Inside the Third Reich, Orion, ISBN 978-1-85799-218-2 .
• Steigmann-Gall, Richard (2003), The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-82371-5 .
• Thomsett, Michael (1997), The German opposition to Hitler: the resistance, the underground, and assassination plots, 1938–1945, Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, ISBN 978-0-7864-0372-1 .
• Toland, John (1976), Adolf Hitler, Doubleday, ISBN 978-0-385-03724-2 .
• Toland, John (1992), Adolf Hitler: The Definitive Biography, New York: Anchor, ISBN 978-0-385-42053-2 .
• Westerlund, David; Ingvar, Svanberg (1999), Islam outside the Arab world, New York: St. Martin's Press .
• Zipfel, Friedrich (1965), Kirchenkampf in Deutschland 1933–1945, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co. .

Pranala luar

• Mein Kampf; by Adolf Hitler
• Mein Kampf; by Adolf Hitler (James Vincent Murphy's translation, published by Hurst and Blackett in 1939)
• Was Hitler a Christian? Diarsipkan 2017-01-28 di Wayback Machine.; by Dinesh D'Souza.
• Hitler's religious beliefs and fanaticism Diarsipkan 2019-03-12 di Wayback Machine.; by Jim Walker; nobeliefs.com.