Melford Spiro

Melford Elliot "Mel" Spiro (26 April 1920 – 18 Oktober 2014) adalah seorang antropolog budaya Amerika yang berspesialisasi dalam antropologi agama dan antropologi psikologis. Ia dikenal karena kritiknya terhadap pilar teori antropologi kontemporer—determinisme budaya grosir, relativisme budaya radikal, dan keragaman budaya hampir tak terbatas—dan untuk penekanannya dalam kepentingan teoretis dari keinginan dan kepercayaan bawah sadar dalam studi stabilitas dan perubahan dalam sistem sosial dan budaya, khususnya dalam hal keluarga, politik, dan agama. Dijelaskan dalam berbagai publikasi teoretis, mereka secara empiris dicontohkan dalam monografi yang berdasarkan pada penelitian lapangannya di atol Ifaluk Mikronesia, sebuah kibbutz Israel,^[1][2] dan sebuah pedesaan di Burma (sekarang Myanmar).^[3]

• Spiro, Melford E.(1956) Kibbutz:Venture in Utopia. Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
• Spiro, Melford E.(1958) Children of the Kibbutz". Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
• Spiro, Melford E.(1967) Burmese Supernaturalism:A Study in the Explanation and Resolution of Suffering.Englewood Cliffs,N.J.:Prentice Hall.
• Spiro, Melford E. (1971) Buddhism and Society: A Great Tradition and its Burmese Vicissitudes. New York: Harper and Row.
• Spiro, Melford E. (1977) Kinship and Marriage in Burma:A Cultural and Psychodynamic Analysis. Los Angeles:University of California Press.
• Spiro,Melford E. (1979) Gender and Culture:Kibbutz Women Revisited. Durham,N.C.:Duke University Press.
• Spiro, Melford E. (1982) Oedipus in the Trobriands. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
• Spiro, Melford E. (1987) Culture and Human Nature: Theoretical Papers of Melford E.Spiro. Benjamin Kilborne and L.L. Langness, eds.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
• Spiro, Melford E. (1992) Anthropological Other or Burmese Brother? Studies in Cultural Analysis. New Brunswick (USA): Transaction Publishers.
• Spiro, Melford E. (1997) Gender Ideology and Psychological Reality:An Essay on Cultural Reproduction. New Haven:Yale University Press.
• Spiro, Melford E. (1984) "Some Reflections on Cultural Determinism and Relativism with Special Reference to Emotion and Reason". pp. 323–346 in Culture Theory: essays on mind, self, and emotion, edited by R. A. Shweder and R. A. LeVine. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• Spiro, Melford E. (1986). "Cultural Relativism and the Future of Anthropology". Cultural Anthropology. 1 (3): 259–286. doi:10.1525/can.1986.1.3.02a00010. 
• Spiro, Melford E. (1987) "Religious systems as culturally constituted defense mechanisms. pp. 145–160 in Culture and human nature: theoretical papers of Melford E. Spiro, edited by B. Kilborne and L. L. Langness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Spiro, Melford E. (1992) "On the strange and familiar in recent anthropological thought. pp. 53–70 in Anthropological Other or Burmese Brother? edited by M. E. Spiro. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press.
• Spiro, Melford E. (1993). "Is the Western Conception of the Self 'Peculiar' within the Context of the World Cultures?". Ethos. 21 (2): 107–153. doi:10.1525/eth.1993.21.2.02a00010. 
• Kilborne, Benjamin, and L.L. Langness, eds. (1987 Culture and human nature: Theoretical papers of Melford E. Spiro. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

• Darnell, Regna (2006) "Keeping the Faith: A Legacy of Native American Ethnography, Ethnohistory, and Psychology". In: New Perspectives on Native North America: Cultures, Histories, and Representations, ed. by Sergei A. Kan and Pauline Turner Strong, pp. 3–16. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
• Kilborne, Benjamin, and L.L. Langness, eds. (1987) Culture and human nature: Theoretical papers of Melford E. Spiro. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Melford Spiro's obituary

• Melford Spiro - Biographical Memoir