Lebah tukang kayu
Lebah tukang kayu adalah nama yang diberi untuk anggota dari genus Xylocopa [ 1] Xylocopinae . Genus ini mencakup sekitar 500 lebah dalam 31 subgenera.[ 2] bambu . Pengecualian umum dari hal ini adalah semua spesies di subgenus Proxylocopa
Ilustrasi sarang Xylocopa [ 3] Kebanyakan spesies dari genus ini sulit dibedakan, dengan kebanyakan individual berwarna hitam, ditutupi dengan rambut-rambut kecil berwarna kuning atau merah. Perbedaan antara satu spesies dengan lainnya sangat tidak kentara, umumnya perbedaan kecil secara morfologis seperti perbedaan bentuk alat reproduksi laki-laki. Sementara itu, individu jantan dan betina dapat dibedakan dengan mudah, dengan jantan memiliki bulu hijau kekuningan.
Lebah ini merupakan sebuah penyerbuk penting pada bunga terbuka atau dangkal, dan merupakan sebuah hewan soliter, namun perilaku sarang sosial sederhana dapat ditemukan di spesies Xylocopa sulcatipes [ 4] Xylocopa nasalis [ 5] [ 4]
Spesies
Xylocopa abbotti (Cockerell, 1909) Xylocopa abbreviata Hurd & Moure, 1963 Xylocopa acutipennis Smith, 1854 Xylocopa adumbrata Lieftinck, 1957 Xylocopa adusta Pérez, 1901 Xylocopa aeneipennis (DeGeer, 1773) Xylocopa aerata (Smith, 1851) Xylocopa aestuans (Linnaeus , 1758 ) Xylocopa aethiopica Pérez, 1901 Xylocopa africana (Fabricius , 1781) Xylocopa albiceps Fabricius, 1804 Xylocopa albifrons Lepeletier, 1841 Xylocopa albinotum Matsumura, 1926 Xylocopa alternata Pérez, 1901 Xylocopa alticola (Cockerell, 1919) Xylocopa amamensis Sonan, 1934 Xylocopa amauroptera Pérez, 1901 Xylocopa amazonica Enderlein, 1913 Xylocopa amedaei Lepeletier, 1841 Xylocopa amethystina (Fabricius, 1793) Xylocopa andarabana Hedicke, 1938 Xylocopa andica Enderlein, 1913 Xylocopa angulosa Maa, 1954 Xylocopa anthophoroides Smith, 1874 Xylocopa apicalis Smith, 1854 Xylocopa appendiculata Smith, 1852 Xylocopa artifex Smith, 1874 Xylocopa aruana Ritsema, 1876 Xylocopa assimilis Ritsema, 1880 Xylocopa augusti Lepeletier, 1841 Xylocopa auripennis Lepeletier, 1841 Xylocopa aurorea Friese , 1922Xylocopa aurulenta (Fabricius, 1804) Xylocopa bakeriana (Cockerell, 1914) Xylocopa balteata Maa, 1943 Xylocopa bambusae Schrottky, 1902 Xylocopa bangkaensis Friese, 1903 Xylocopa barbatella Cockerell, 1931 Xylocopa bariwal Maidl, 1912 Xylocopa basalis Smith, 1854 Xylocopa bentoni Cockerell, 1919 Xylocopa bequaerti (Cockerell, 1930) Xylocopa bhowara Maa, 1938 Xylocopa biangulata Vachal, 1899 Xylocopa bicarinata Alfken, 1932 Xylocopa bicristata Maa, 1954 Xylocopa bilineata Friese, 1914 Xylocopa bimaculata Friese, 1903 Xylocopa binongkona van der Vecht, 1953 Xylocopa bluethgeni Dusmet y Alonso, 1924 Xylocopa bombiformis Smith, 1874 Xylocopa bomboides Smith, 1879 Xylocopa bombylans (Fabricius, 1775) Xylocopa boops Maidl, 1912 Xylocopa bouyssoui Vachal, 1898 Xylocopa brasilianorum (Linnaeus , 1767) Xylocopa braunsi Dusmet y Alonso, 1924 Xylocopa bruesi Cockerell, 1914 Xylocopa bryorum (Fabricius, 1775) Xylocopa buginesica Vecht, 1953 Xylocopa buruana Lieftinck, 1956 Xylocopa caerulea (Fabricius, 1804) Xylocopa caffra (Linnaeus , 1767) Xylocopa calcarata (LeVeque, 1928) Xylocopa calens Lepeletier, 1841 Xylocopa californica Cresson, 1864 Xylocopa caloptera Pérez, 1901 Xylocopa canaria (Cockerell & LeVeque, 1925) Xylocopa cantabrita Lepeletier, 1841 Xylocopa capensis Spinola, 1838 Xylocopa capitata Smith, 1854 Xylocopa carbonaria Smith, 1854 Xylocopa caribea Lepeletier, 1841 Xylocopa caspari van der Vecht, 1953 Xylocopa caviventris Maidl, 1912 Xylocopa cearensis Ducke, 1911 Xylocopa ceballosi Dusmet y Alonso, 1924 Xylocopa celebensis (Gribodo, 1894) Xylocopa chapini (LeVeque, 1928) Xylocopa chinensis Friese, 1911 Xylocopa chiyakensis (Cockerell, 1908) Xylocopa chlorina (Cockerell, 1915) Xylocopa chrysopoda Schrottky, 1902 Xylocopa chrysoptera Latreille, 1809 Xylocopa ciliata Burmeister, 1876 Xylocopa citrina Friese, 1909 Xylocopa clarionensis Hurd, 1958 Xylocopa claripennis Friese, 1922 Xylocopa cloti Vachal, 1898 Xylocopa cockerelli Maa, 1943 Xylocopa codinai Dusmet y Alonso, 1924 Xylocopa colona Lepeletier, 1841 Xylocopa columbiensis Pérez, 1901 Xylocopa combinata Ritsema, 1876 Xylocopa combusta Smith, 1854 Xylocopa concolorata Maa, 1938 Xylocopa conradsiana Friese, 1911 Xylocopa coracina van der Vecht, 1953 Xylocopa cornigera Friese, 1909 Xylocopa coronata Smith, 1861 Xylocopa cribrata Pérez, 1901 Xylocopa cubaecola Lucas, 1857 Xylocopa cuernosensis (Cockerell, 1915) Xylocopa cyanea Smith, 1874 Xylocopa cyanescens Brullé, 1832 Xylocopa dalbertisi Lieftinck, 1957 Xylocopa dapitanensis (Cockerell, 1915) Xylocopa darwini Cockerell, 1926 Xylocopa dejeanii Lepeletier, 1841 Xylocopa dibongoana Hedicke, 1923 Xylocopa dimidiata Latreille, 1809 Xylocopa disconota Friese, 1914 Xylocopa distinguenda Pérez, 1901 Xylocopa ditypa Vachal, 1898 Xylocopa diversipes Smith, 1861 Xylocopa dolosa Vachal, 1899 Xylocopa dormeyeri (Enderlein, 1909) Xylocopa duala Strand, 1921 Xylocopa electa Smith, 1874 Xylocopa elegans Hurd & Moure, 1963 Xylocopa erlangeri Enderlein, 1903 Xylocopa erythrina Gribodo, 1894 Xylocopa escalerai Dusmet y Alonso, 1924 Xylocopa esica Cameron, 1902 Xylocopa euchlora Pérez, 1901 Xylocopa euxantha Cockerell, 1933 Xylocopa eximia Pérez, 1901 Xylocopa fabriciana Moure, 1960 Xylocopa fallax Maidl, 1912 Xylocopa fenestrata (Fabricius, 1798) Xylocopa fervens Lepeletier, 1841 Xylocopa fimbriata Fabricius, 1804 Xylocopa flavicollis (DeGeer, 1778) Xylocopa flavifrons Matsumura, 1912 Xylocopa flavonigrescens Smith, 1854 Xylocopa flavorufa (DeGeer, 1778) Xylocopa forbesii W. F. Kirby, 1883 Xylocopa forsiusi Dusmet y Alonso, 1924 Xylocopa fortissima Cockerell, 1930 Xylocopa fransseni van der Vecht, 1953 Xylocopa friesiana Maa, 1939 Xylocopa frontalis (Olivier, 1789) Xylocopa fuliginata Pérez, 1901 Xylocopa fulva Friese, 1922 Xylocopa funesta Maidl, 1912 Xylocopa fuscata Smith, 1854 Xylocopa gabonica (Gribodo, 1894) Xylocopa ganglbaueri Maidl, 1912 Xylocopa gaullei Vachal, 1898 Xylocopa ghilianii Gribodo, 1891 Xylocopa gracilis Dusmet y Alonso, 1923 Xylocopa graueri Maidl, 1912 Xylocopa gressitti Lieftinck, 1957 Xylocopa gribodoi Magretti, 1892 Xylocopa grisescens Lepeletier, 1841 Xylocopa grossa (Drury, 1770) Xylocopa grubaueri Friese, 1903 Xylocopa gualanensis Cockerell, 1912 Xylocopa guatemalensis Cockerell, 1912 Xylocopa guigliae Lieftinck, 1957 Xylocopa haefligeri Friese, 1909 Xylocopa haematospila Moure, 1951 Xylocopa hafizii Maa, 1938 Xylocopa hellenica Spinola, 1843 Xylocopa hirsutissima Maidl, 1912 Xylocopa hottentotta Smith, 1854 Xylocopa hyalinipennis Friese, 1922 Xylocopa ignescens (LeVeque, 1928) Xylocopa imitator Smith, 1854 Xylocopa incandescens (Cockerell, 1932) Xylocopa incerta Pérez, 1901 Xylocopa incompleta Ritsema, 1880 Xylocopa inconspicua Maa, 1937 Xylocopa inconstans Smith, 1874 Xylocopa inquirenda Vachal, 1899 Xylocopa insola Vachal, 1910 Xylocopa insularis Smith, 1857 Xylocopa io Vachal, 1898 Xylocopa iranica Maa, 1954 Xylocopa iridipennis Lepeletier, 1841 Xylocopa iris (Christ, 1791) Xylocopa isabelleae Hurd, 1959 Xylocopa javana Friese, 1914 Xylocopa kamerunensis Vachal, 1899 Xylocopa karnyi Maidl, 1912 Xylocopa kerri (Cockerell, 1929) Xylocopa kuehni Friese, 1903 Xylocopa lachnea Moure, 1951 Xylocopa lanata Smith, 1854 Xylocopa langi (LeVeque, 1928) Xylocopa lateralis Say, 1837 Xylocopa lateritia Smith, 1854 Xylocopa laticeps Xylocopa latipes (Drury, 1773) Xylocopa lautipennis (Cockerell, 1933) Xylocopa lehmanni Friese, 1903 Xylocopa lepeletieri Enderlein, 1903 Xylocopa leucocephala Ritsema, 1876 Xylocopa leucothoracoides Maidl, 1912 Xylocopa levequeae Maa, 1943 Xylocopa lieftincki Leys, 2000 Xylocopa lombokensis Maidl, 1912 Xylocopa longespinosa Enderlein, 1903 Xylocopa longula Friese, 1922 Xylocopa loripes Smith, 1874 Xylocopa lucbanensis (Cockerell, 1927) Xylocopa lucida Smith, 1874 Xylocopa lugubris Gerstäcker, 1857 Xylocopa lundqvisti Lieftinck, 1957 Xylocopa luteola Lepeletier, 1841 Xylocopa macrops Lepeletier, 1841 Xylocopa madida Friese, 1925 Xylocopa madurensis Friese, 1913 Xylocopa maesoi Dusmet y Alonso, 1924 Xylocopa magnifica (Cockerell, 1929) Xylocopa maidli Maa, 1940 Xylocopa maior Maidl, 1912 Xylocopa marginella Lepeletier, 1841 Xylocopa mastrucata Pérez, 1901 Xylocopa mazarredoi Dusmet y Alonso, 1924 Xylocopa mcgregori Cockerell, 1920 Xylocopa mckeani (Cockerell, 1929) Xylocopa meadewaldoi Hurd, 1959 Xylocopa mendozana Enderlein, 1913 Xylocopa merceti Dusmet y Alonso, 1924 Xylocopa metallica Smith, 1874 Xylocopa mexicanorum Cockerell, 1912 Xylocopa meyeri Dusmet y Alonso, 1924 Xylocopa micans Lepeletier, 1841 Xylocopa micheneri Hurd, 1978 Xylocopa mimetica Cockerell, 1915 Xylocopa minor Maidl, 1912 Xylocopa mirabilis Hurd & Moure, 1963 Xylocopa mixta Radoszkowski, 1881 Xylocopa modesta Smith, 1854 Xylocopa mohnikei Cockerell, 1907 Xylocopa mongolicus (Wu, 1983) Xylocopa montana Enderlein, 1903 Xylocopa mordax Smith, 1874 Xylocopa morotaiana Lieftinck, 1956 Xylocopa muscaria (Fabricius, 1775) Xylocopa myops Ritsema, 1876 Xylocopa nasalis Westwood, 1842 Xylocopa nasica Pérez, 1901 Xylocopa nautlana Cockerell, 1904 Xylocopa negligenda Maa, 1939 Xylocopa nigrella Hurd, 1959 Xylocopa nigrescens Friese, 1901 Xylocopa nigricans Vachal, 1910 Xylocopa nigricaula (LeVeque, 1928) Xylocopa nigripes Friese, 1915 Xylocopa nigrita (Fabricius, 1775) Xylocopa nigrocaerulea Smith, 1874 Xylocopa nigrocaudata Pérez, 1901 Xylocopa nigrocincta Smith, 1854 Xylocopa nigroclypeata Rayment, 1935 Xylocopa nigroplagiata Ritsema, 1876 Xylocopa nigrotarsata Maa, 1938 Xylocopa nitidiventris Smith, 1878 Xylocopa nix (Maa, 1954) Xylocopa nobilis Smith, 1859 Xylocopa nogueirai Hurd & Moure, 1960 Xylocopa nyassica Enderlein, 1903 Xylocopa oblonga Smith, 1874 Xylocopa obscurata Smith, 1854 Xylocopa obscuritarsis Friese, 1922 Xylocopa occipitalis Pérez, 1901 Xylocopa ocellaris Pérez, 1901 Xylocopa ocularis Pérez, 1901 Xylocopa ogasawarensis Matsumura, 1932 Xylocopa olivacea (Fabricius, 1778) Xylocopa olivieri Lepeletier, 1841 Xylocopa ordinaria Smith, 1874 Xylocopa ornata Smith, 1874 Xylocopa orthogonaspis Moure, 2003 Xylocopa orthosiphonis (Cockerell, 1908) Xylocopa pallidiscopa Hurd, 1961 Xylocopa parviceps Morawitz, 1895 Xylocopa parvula Rayment, 1935 Xylocopa perforator Smith, 1861 Xylocopa perkinsi Cameron, 1901 Xylocopa perpunctata (LeVeque, 1928) Xylocopa peruana Pérez, 1901 Xylocopa perversa Wiedemann, 1824 Xylocopa pervirescens Cockerell, 1931 Xylocopa phalothorax Lepeletier, 1841 Xylocopa philippinensis Smith, 1854 Xylocopa pilosa Friese, 1922 Xylocopa plagioxantha Lieftinck, 1964 Xylocopa praeusta Smith, 1854 Xylocopa prashadi Maa, 1938 Xylocopa preussi Enderlein, 1903 Xylocopa provida Smith, 1863 Xylocopa proximata Maa, 1938 Xylocopa przewalskyi Morawitz, 1886 Xylocopa pseudoleucothorax Maidl, 1912 Xylocopa pseudoviolacea Popov, 1947 Xylocopa pubescens Spinola, 1838 Xylocopa pulchra Smith, 1874 Xylocopa punctifrons Cockerell, 1917 Xylocopa punctigena Maa, 1938 Xylocopa punctilabris Morawitz, 1894 Xylocopa pusulata Vachal, 1910 Xylocopa ramakrishnai Maa, 1938 Xylocopa rejecta Vachal, 1910 Xylocopa remota Maa, 1938 Xylocopa rogenhoferi Friese, 1900 Xylocopa rotundiceps Smith, 1874 Xylocopa rufa Friese, 1901 Xylocopa ruficeps Friese, 1910 Xylocopa ruficollis Hurd & Moure, 1963 Xylocopa ruficornis Fabricius, 1804 Xylocopa rufidorsum Enderlein, 1913 Xylocopa rufipes Smith, 1852 Xylocopa rufitarsis Lepeletier, 1841 Xylocopa rutilans Lieftinck, 1957 Xylocopa samarensis (Cockerell & LeVeque, 1925) Xylocopa sarawatica Engel, 2017 [ 6] Xylocopa schoana Enderlein, 1903 Xylocopa scioensis Gribodo, 1884 Xylocopa senex Friese, 1909 Xylocopa senior Vachal, 1899 Xylocopa shelfordi Cameron, 1902 Xylocopa sicheli Vachal, 1898 Xylocopa signata Morawitz, 1875 Xylocopa similis Smith, 1874 Xylocopa simillima Smith, 1854 Xylocopa sinensis (Wu, 1983) Xylocopa sinensis Smith, 1854 Xylocopa smithii Ritsema, 1876 Xylocopa sogdiana Popov & Ponomareva, 1961 Xylocopa somalica Magretti, 1895 Xylocopa sonorina Smith , 1874Xylocopa sphinx Vachal, 1899 Xylocopa splendidula Lepeletier, 1841 Xylocopa stadelmanni Vachal, 1899 Xylocopa stanleyi (LeVeque, 1928) Xylocopa steindachneri Maidl, 1912 Xylocopa strandi Dusmet y Alonso, 1924 Xylocopa subcombusta (LeVeque, 1928) Xylocopa subcyanea Pérez, 1901 Xylocopa subjuncta Vachal, 1898 Xylocopa subvirescens Cresson, 1879 Xylocopa subvolatilis (Cockerell, 1918) Xylocopa subzonata Moure, 1949 Xylocopa sulcatipes Maa, 1970 Xylocopa sulcifrons Pérez, 1901 Xylocopa suspecta Moure & Camargo, 1988 Xylocopa suspiciosa Vachal, 1899 Xylocopa sycophanta Pérez, 1901 Xylocopa tabaniformis Smith, 1854 Xylocopa tacanensis Moure, 1949 Xylocopa tambelanensis (Cockerell, 1926) Xylocopa tanganyikae Strand, 1911 Xylocopa tayabanica Cockerell, 1930 Xylocopa tegulata Friese, 1911 Xylocopa tenkeana Cockerell, 1933 Xylocopa tenuata Smith, 1874 Xylocopa tenuiscapa Westwood, 1840 Xylocopa teredo Guilding, 1825 Xylocopa tesselata Maa, 1970 Xylocopa thoracica Friese, 1903 Xylocopa togoensis Enderlein, 1903 Xylocopa torrida (Westwood, 1838) Xylocopa tranquebarica (Fabricius, 1804) Xylocopa tranquebarorum (Swederus, 1787) Xylocopa transitoria Pérez, 1901 Xylocopa tricolor Ritsema, 1876 Xylocopa trifasciata Gribodo, 1891 Xylocopa trochanterica Vachal, 1910 Xylocopa truxali Hurd & Moure, 1963 Xylocopa tumida Friese, 1903 Xylocopa tumorifera Lieftinck, 1957 Xylocopa turanica Morawitz, 1875 Xylocopa uclesiensis Pérez, 1901 Xylocopa unicolor Smith, 1861 Xylocopa ustulata Smith, 1854 Xylocopa vachali Pérez, 1901 Xylocopa valga Gerstäcker, 1872 Xylocopa varentzowi Morawitz, 1895 Xylocopa varians Smith, 1874 Xylocopa varipes Smith, 1854 Xylocopa velutina Lieftinck, 1957 Xylocopa versicolor Alfken, 1930 Xylocopa vestita Hurd & Moure, 1963 Xylocopa villosa Friese, 1909 Xylocopa violacea (Linnaeus , 1758 ) Xylocopa virginica (Linnaeus , 1771) Xylocopa viridigastra Lepeletier, 1841 Xylocopa viridis Smith, 1854 Xylocopa vittata Enderlein, 1903 Xylocopa vogtiana Enderlein, 1913 Xylocopa volatilis Smith, 1861 Xylocopa vulpina Alfken, 1930 Xylocopa waterhousei Leys, 2000 Xylocopa watmoughi Eardley, 1983 Xylocopa wellmani Cockerell, 1906 Xylocopa wilmattae Cockerell, 1912 Xylocopa xanti Mocsáry, 1883 Xylocopa yunnanensis Wu, 1982 Xylocopa zonata Alfken, 1930
Referensi
^ Liddell, Henry George and Robert Scott (1980). A Greek-English Lexicon Oxford University Press . hlm. 472 . ISBN 0-19-910207-4 . ^ Minckley, R. L. (1998). "A cladistic analysis and classification of the subgenera and genera of the large carpenter bees, tribe Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Apidae)" . Scientific Papers, Natural History Museum, University of Kansas . 9 : 1–47. doi :10.5962/bhl.title.16168 ^ Step, Edward (1915). Marvels of insect life; a popular account of structure and habit doi :10.5962/bhl.title.62864 . ISBN 978-0-665-76534-6 . ^ a b Gerling, Dan; Hurd, Paul David; Hefetz, Abraham (1983). "Comparative behavioral biology of two Middle East species of carpenter bees (Xylocopa Latreille) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)". Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology . 369 : 1–33. doi :10.5479/si.00810282.369 . hdl :10088/5359 . ^ Gerling, D; Velthuis, H H W; Hefetz, A (1989). "Bionomics of the large carpenter bees of the genus Xylocopa ". Annual Review of Entomology . 34 (1): 163–190. doi :10.1146/annurev.en.34.010189.001115 . ^ Engel, M.S.; Alqarni, A.S.; Shebl, M.A.; Iqbal, J.; Hinojosa-Diaz, I.A. (2017). "A new species of the carpenter bee genus Xylocopa from the Sarawat Mountains in southwestern Saudi Arabia (Hymenoptera: Apidae)" . ZooKeys . 716 : 29–41. doi :10.3897/zookeys.716.21150 PMC 5740427 PMID 29290706 .
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