Lari salmon

Beruang grizzly mengejar seekor salmon yang sedang berlari

Lari salmon adalah tindakan yang dilakukan oleh salmon saat bermigrasi dari samudra, berenang ke hulu sungai. Setelah itu, seluruh salmon Pasifik dan sebagian besar salmon Atlantik[1] mati, dan siklus kehidupan salmon dimulai lagi. Lari tahunan tersebut dapat menjadi peristiwa besar bagi beruang grizzly, elang botak, dan pemancing olahraga. Sebagian besar spesies salmon bermigrasi pada musim gugur (September sampai November).[2]

Referensi

1. Atlantic salmon, Scottish Natural Heritage. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
2. "Questions and Answers About Salmon". Western Fisheries Research Center. U.S. Geological Survey. 

Sumber yang dikutip

• Moyle PB, Cech JJ (2004). Fishes, An Introduction to Ichthyology (edisi ke-5th). Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 978-0-13-100847-2. 

Bacaan tambahan

• "Oncorhynchus mykiss". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. December 2011 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2011.
• USDA Forest Service, Salmon/Steelhead Pacific Northwest Fisheries Program. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
• Knapp G, Roheim CA and Anderson JL (2007) The Great Salmon Run: Competition Between Wild and Farmed Salmon World Wildlife Fund.
• Lackey, Robert. Salmon 2100 Project Oregon State University.
• Mozaffari, Ahmad and Alireza Fathi (2013) "A natural-inspired optimization machine based on the annual migration of salmons in nature" arXiv preprint: 1312.4078. PDF
• Quinn, Thomas P. (2005) The Behavior and Ecology of Pacific Salmon and Trout UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-1128-6.

Magnetoception and natal homing

• Bandoh H, Kida I, Ueda H (2011). "Olfactory Responses to Natal Stream Water in Sockeye Salmon by BOLD fMRI". PLoS ONE. 6 (1): e16051. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...616051B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016051. PMC 3022028 . PMID 21264223. 
• Bracis, Chloe (2010) A model of the ocean migration of Pacific salmon^[pranala nonaktif permanen] University of Washington.
• Johnsen S, Lohmann KJ (2005). "The physics and neurobiology of magnetoreception" (PDF). Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 6 (9): 703–712. doi:10.1038/nrn1745. PMID 16100517. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2007-06-30. 
• Johnsen S, Lohmann KJ (2008). "Magnetoreception in animals" (PDF). Physics Today. 61 (3): 29–35. Bibcode:2008PhT....61c..29J. doi:10.1063/1.2897947. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2007-06-30. 
• Lohmann KJ, Lohmann CM, Endres CS (2008). "The sensory ecology of ocean navigation". J Exp Biol. 211 (11): 1719–1728. doi:10.1242/jeb.015792. PMID 18490387. 
• Mann S, Sparks NH, Walker MM, Kirschvink JL (1988). "Ultrastructure, morphology and organization of biogenic magnetite from sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka: implications for magnetoreception" (PDF). J Exp Biol. 140: 35–49. PMID 3204335. 
• Metcalfe J, Arnold G and McDowall R (2008) "Migration" pp. 175–199. In: John D. Reynolds, Handbook of fish biology and fisheries, Volume 1, John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-632-05412-1.
• Moore A, Privitera L and Riley WD (2013) "The behaviour and physiology of migrating Atlantic salmon" In: H Ueda and K Tsukamoto (eds),Physiology and Ecology of Fish Migration, CRC Press, pp. 28–55. ISBN 9781466595132.
• Ueda, Hiroshi (2013) "Physiology of imprinting and homing migration in Pacific salmon" In: H Ueda and K Tsukamoto (eds),Physiology and Ecology of Fish Migration, CRC Press, pp. 1–27. ISBN 9781466595132.
• Walker MM, Diebel CE, Haugh CV, Pankhurst PM, Montgomery JC, Green CR (1997). "Structure and function of the vertebrate magnetic sense". Nature. 390 (6658): 371–6. Bibcode:1997Natur.390..371W. doi:10.1038/37057. PMID 20358649. 
• Wired. Hacking Salmon’s Mental Compass to Save Endangered Fish 2 December 2008.

Nitrogen

• Cederholm CJ, Kunze MD, Murota T, Sibatani T (1999). "Pacific salmon carcasses: essential contributions of nutrients and energy for aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems" (PDF). Fisheries. 24 (10): 6–15. doi:10.1577/1548-8446(1999)024<0006:psc>2.0.co;2. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-03-05. Diakses tanggal 2019-07-20. 
• Gresh T, Lichatowich J, Schoonmaker P (2000). "Salmon Decline Creates Nutrient Deficit in Northwest Streams". Fisheries. 15 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1577/1548-8446(2000)025<0015:AEOHAC>2.0.CO;2. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-05-09. 
• Hocking MD, Reynolds JD (2011). "Impacts of salmon on riparian plant diversity" (PDF). Science. 331 (6024): 1609–1612. Bibcode:2011Sci...331.1609H. doi:10.1126/science.1201079. ^[pranala nonaktif permanen]
• Naiman RJ, Bilby RE, Schindler DE, Helfield JM (2002). "Pacific salmon, nutrients, and the dynamics of freshwater and riparian ecosystems" (PDF). Ecosystems. 5 (4): 399–417. doi:10.1007/s10021-001-0083-3. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2012-04-24. 
• Ruckelshaus MH, Levin P, Johnson JB, Kareiva PM (2002). "The Pacific salmon wars: what science brings to the challenge of recovering species" (PDF). Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 33: 665–706. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150504. 

Resilience

• Bottom DL, Jones KK, Simenstad CA, Smith CL (2009). "Reconnecting social and ecological resilience in salmon ecosystems". Ecology and Society. 14 (1): 5. doi:10.5751/es-02734-140105. 
• Bottom DL, Jones KK, Simenstad CA and Smith CL (Eds.) (2010) Pathways to Resilient Salmon Ecosystems Diarsipkan 2021-04-19 di Wayback Machine. Ecology and Society, Special Feature.

Pranala luar

• Putting a Price on Salmon True Slant, 9 July 2009.
• Fish passage at dams Northwest Power and Conservation Council. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
• Mystery Disease Found in Pacific Salmon Wired, 13 January 2011.
• Pacific Salmon: Anadromous Lifestyles US National Park Service.
• Study takes long-term, diversified view of salmon issues Mount Shasta News, 30 September 2009.