Kereta perang

Kereta perang Zeus, ilustrasi dalam Stories from the Greek Tragedians oleh Alfred Church (1879).

Kereta perang adalah kendaraan beroda dua atau empat yang cepat, ringan, dan terbuka, yang ditarik oleh dua ekor kuda atau lebih, yang saling berdampingan. Tempat untuk pengemudinya berupa pijakan dengan perlindungan setinggi pinggang berbentuk setengah lingkaran di bagian depannya. Kereta perang adalah jenis pedati terawal dan yang paling sederhana. Kereta ini paling dikenal karena penggunaannya dalam perang, meskipun kendaraan ini juga sering digunakan untuk keperluan nonmiliter pada masa kuno. Gerobak sapi, bentuk awal dari kereta perang, dibuat oleh orang India-Eropa-Purba dan juga digunakan di Mesopotamia sejak 3000 SM. Kereta perang, dikemudikan oleh seorang sais, digunakan untuk peperangan kuno pada Zaman Perunggu dan Zaman Besi, dengan dilindungi oleh perisai. Setelah tak lagi terlalu berguna dalam perang, kereta perang terus digunakan untuk perjalanan, arak-arakan dan dalam olahraga dan balapan. Di Romawi kuno dan beberapa negara Mediterania kuno, kereta perang dengan dua kuda disebut biga, tiga kuda disebut triga, dan empat kuda disebut quadriga.

Inovasi penting yang memungkinkan konstruksi kereta ringan untuk perang adalah penggunaan roda berjari-jari. Penggunaan terawal kereta perang dengan roda berjari-jari adalah pada ca. 2000 SM. Sementara puncak penggunaan kereta perang terjadi sekitar 1300 SM. Kereta perang tak lagi digunakan untuk keperluan militer sejak abad ke-4 M. namun balap kereta perang tetap populer di Konstantinopel sampai abad ke-6 M.

Referensi

  • Anthony, D. W., & Vinogradov, N. B., Birth of the Chariot, Archaeology vol.48, no.2, Mar & April 1995, 36-41
  • Anthony, David W., 1995, Horse, wagon & chariot: Indo-European languages and archaeology, Antiquity Sept/1995
  • Di Cosmo, Nicolo, The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China, Cambridge History of Ancient China ch. 13 (pp. 885–966).
  • Litauer, M.A., & Grouwel, J.H., The Origin of the True Chariot', "Antiquity" vol.70, No.270, December 1996, 934-939.
  • Sparreboom, M., Chariots in the Veda, Leiden (1985).

Bacaan lanjutan

  • Anthony, David W. The Horse, The Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007 (ISBN 978-0-691-05887-0).
  • Chamberlin, J. Edward. Horse: How the horse has shaped civilizations. N.Y.: United Tribes Media Inc., 2006 (ISBN 0-9742405-9-1).
  • Cotterell, Arthur. Chariot: From chariot to tank, the astounding rise and fall of the world's first war machine. Woodstock & New York: The Overlook Press, 2005 (ISBN 1-58567-667-5).
  • Crouwel, Joost H. Chariots and other means of land transport in Bronze Age Greece (Allard Pierson Series, 3). Amsterdam: Allard Pierson Museum, 1981 (ISBN 90-71211-03-7).
  • Crouwel, Joost H. Chariots and other wheeled vehicles in Iron Age Greece (Allard Pierson Series, 9). Amsterdam: Allard Pierson Museum:, 1993 (ISBN 90-71211-21-5).
  • Drews, Robert. The coming of the Greeks: Indo-European conquests in the Aegean and the Near East. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988 (hardcover, ISBN 0-691-03592-X); 1989 (paperback, ISBN 0-691-02951-2).
  • Drews, Robert. The end of the Bronze Age: Changes in warfare and the catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993 (hardcover, ISBN 0-691-04811-8); 1995 (paperback, ISBN 0-691-02591-6).
  • Drews, Robert. Early riders: The beginnings of mounted warfare in Asia and Europe. N.Y.: Routledge, 2004 (ISBN 0-415-32624-9).
  • Lee-Stecum, Parshia (2006). "Dangerous Reputations: Charioteers and Magic in Fourth-Century Rome". Greece & Rome. 53 (2): 224–234. doi:10.1017/S0017383506000295. ISSN 0017-3835. 
  • Fields, Nic; Brian Delf (illustrator). Bronze Age War Chariots (New Vanguard). Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing, 2006 (ISBN 978-1-84176-944-8).
  • Greenhalg, P A L. Early Greek warfare; horsemen and chariots in the Homeric and Archaic Ages. Cambridge University Press, 1973. (ISBN 978-0-521-20056-1).
  • Kulkarni, Raghunatha Purushottama. Visvakarmiya Rathalaksanam: Study of Ancient Indian Chariots: with a historical note, references, Sanskrit text, and translation in English. Delhi: Kanishka Publishing House, 1994 (ISBN 978-81-7391-004-3)
  • Littauer, Mary A.; Crouwel, Joost H. Chariots and related equipment from the tomb of Tutankhamun (Tutankhamun's Tomb Series, 8). Oxford: The Griffith Institute, 1985 (ISBN 0-900416-39-4).
  • Littauer, Mary A.; Crouwel, Joost H.; Raulwing, Peter (Editor). Selected writings on chariots and other early vehicles, riding and harness (Culture and history of the ancient Near East, 6). Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2002 (ISBN 90-04-11799-7).
  • Moorey, P.R.S. "The Emergence of the Light, Horse-Drawn Chariot in the Near-East c. 2000–1500 B.C.", World Archaeology, Vol. 18, No. 2. (1986), pp. 196–215.
  • Piggot, Stuart. The earliest wheeled transport from the Atlantic Coast to the Caspian Sea. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983 (ISBN 0-8014-1604-3).
  • Piggot, Stuart. Wagon, chariot and carriage: Symbol and status in the history of transport. London: Thames & Hudson, 1992 (ISBN 0-500-25114-2).
  • Pogrebova M. The emergence of chariots and riding in the South Caucasus in Oxford Journal of Archaeology, Volume 22, Number 4, November 2003, pp. 397–409.
  • Raulwing, Peter. Horses, Chariots and Indo-Europeans: Foundations and Methods of Chariotry Research from the Viewpoint of Comparative Indo-European Linguistics. Budapest: Archaeolingua, 2000 (ISBN 963-8046-26-0).
  • Sandor, Bela I. The rise and decline of the Tutankhamun-class chariot in Oxford Journal of Archaeology, Volume 23, Number 2, May 2004, pp. 153–175.
  • Sandor, Bela I. Tutankhamun's chariots: Secret treasures of engineering mechanics in Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures, Volume 27, Number 7, July 2004, pp. 637–646.
  • Sparreboom M. Chariots in the Veda (Memoirs of the Kern Institute, Leiden, 3). Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 1985 (ISBN 90-04-07590-9).

Pranala luar

Read other articles:

Census Town in West Bengal, IndiaChhota SuzapurCensus TownChhota SuzapurLocation in West Bengal, IndiaShow map of West BengalChhota SuzapurChhota Suzapur (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 24°54′59″N 88°05′37″E / 24.916376°N 88.093665°E / 24.916376; 88.093665Country IndiaStateWest BengalDistrictMaldaArea • Total0.9052 km2 (0.3495 sq mi)Population (2011) • Total11,216 • Density12,000/km2 (32,000/sq&…

Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang sebuah ranah Internet. Untuk nama sebuah Band, lihat XYZ. .xyz adalah sebuah ranah Internet tingkat teratas. Ia diperkenalkan di ICANN dalam program Ranah Internet tingkat teratas generik gTLD dan hadir untuk publik pada tanggal 2 Juni 2014. .xyzDiperkenalkan19 Februari 2014; 10 tahun lalu (2014-02-19)(Server Akar)2 Juni 2014 (2014-06-02)(untuk Umum)Jenis TLDRanah internet tingkat teratas generik (gTLD)StatusAktifRegistri Generation.XYZ (Registri) Cen…

Election 2019 Welwyn Hatfield Borough Council election ← 2018 2 May 2019 (2019-05-02) 2021 → 18 out of 48 seats to Welwyn Hatfield Borough Council25 seats needed for a majority   First party Second party Third party   Party Conservative Labour Liberal Democrats Last election 25 15 8 Seats before 25 15 8 Seats won 8 5 5 Seats after 23 13 12 Seat change 2 2 4 Popular vote 11,341 7,419 9,397 Percentage 38.8% 25.4% 32.2% Sw…

الانشقاق الغربي   تاريخ البدء 1378  تاريخ الانتهاء 1417  الانشقاق العظيم    تعديل مصدري - تعديل   خريطة تبين التأييد لأفينون بالأحمر والتأييد لروما بالأزرق خلال الانشقاق الغربي وحتى مجمع بيزا في 1409 عندما ظهر تأييد لمدع ثالث الانشقاق العظيم للمسيحية الغربية أو الان…

مطار تايبيه سونغشان   مطار تايبيه سونغشان إياتا: TSA – ايكاو: RCSS موجز نوع المطار عام وعسكري المشغل إدارة الطيران المدني و زارة الدفاع الوطني التايواني يخدم تايبيه[1][2]  البلد تايوان[2]  الموقع سونغشان الارتفاع 18 قدم  إحداثيات 25°04′10″N 121°33′06″E / 25.0…

هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (مارس 2023)   فيرخيفتسيفي (بالأوكرانية: Верхі́вцеве)‏    فيرخيفتسيفي فيرخيفتسيفي تاري…

Part of a series onBritish law Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom Year      1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879…

American legislative district Michigan's 5thState Senate districtSenator  Dayna PolehankiD–Livonia Demographics40% White54% Black3% Hispanic1% Asian2% OtherPopulation (2018)258,011[1] Michigan's 5th Senate district is one of 38 districts in the Michigan Senate. It has been represented by Democrat Dayna Polehanki since 2023, following her primary defeat of fellow Democrat Betty Jean Alexander.[2][3] Geography District 5 encompasses …

The HonourableSir Frederick WeldGCMG MPSir Frederick Aloysius Weld, tanggal tidak diketahui. Perdana Menteri Selandia Baru ke-6Masa jabatan24 November 1864 – 16 Oktober 1865Penguasa monarkiVictoriaGubernurGeorge GreyPendahuluFrederick WhitakerPenggantiEdward StaffordDaerah pemilihanWairau, CheviotGubernur Australia Barat 8thMasa jabatan1869–1875PendahuluBenjamin PinePenggantiWilliam C. F. RobinsonGubernur Tasmania 4Masa jabatan13 Januari 1875 – 5 April 188…

2008 2015 (départementales) Élections cantonales de 2011 en Loir-et-Cher 15 des 30 cantons de Loir-et-Cher 20 et 27 mars 2011 Type d’élection Élections cantonales Majorité départementale – Maurice Leroy Liste UMPDVDNCMoDem Sièges obtenus 19  1 Opposition départementale Liste PSDVG Sièges obtenus 11  1 PS : 8 sièges DVG : 3 siègesDVD : 4 siègesNC : 10 sièges MoDem : 1 siègeUMP : 4 sièges Président du Conseil général…

Loudspeaker Plasma speaker Plasma speakers or ionophones are a form of loudspeaker which varies air pressure via an electrical plasma instead of a solid diaphragm. The plasma arc heats the surrounding air causing it to expand. Varying the electrical signal that drives the plasma and connected to the output of an audio amplifier, the plasma size varies which in turn varies the expansion of the surrounding air creating sound waves.[1] The plasma is typically in the form of a glow discharge…

Australian professional wrestler Jonah (wrestler) redirects here. For other uses, see Jonah (disambiguation). Bronson ReedReed in 2021Birth nameJermaine HaleyBorn (1988-08-25) 25 August 1988 (age 35)Adelaide, South Australia, AustraliaSpouse(s)Paige Haley[1]Children1Professional wrestling careerRing name(s)Bronson ReedJ-RockJermaine HaileyJonah[2]Jonah RockBilled height6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)[3]Billed weight330 lb (150 kg)[3]Billed fromAde…

IngleseEnglishParlato in Regno Unito  Stati Uniti  Canada  Irlanda  Australia  Nuova Zelanda  Sudafrica  India (e altri...) LocutoriTotale1,452 miliardi (2022) Classifica1 (2022) Altre informazioniScritturaAlfabeto latino TipoSVO + VSO analitica – accusativa TassonomiaFilogenesiLingue indoeuropee Lingue germaniche  Lingue germaniche occidentali   Lingue ingevoniche    Lingue anglo-frisoni   …

Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Balok – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Balok Tipe PrismaPlesiohedron Sisi 6 Rusuk 12 titik sudut 8 Grup Symmetri D2h, [2,2], (*222), order 8 simbol Schläfli { } × { …

Margherita di BrandeburgoDuchessa consorte di PomeraniaIn carica23 gennaio 1530 –9 maggio 1531 Principessa consorte di Anhalt-ZerbstIn carica15 febbraio 1534 –4 febbraio 1551 Nascita1511 Morte1577 PadreGioacchino I, elettore di Brandeburgo MadreElisabetta di Danimarca Consorte diGiorgio I, duca di PomeraniaGiovanni IV, principe di Anhalt-Zerbst Margherita di Brandeburgo o di Hohenzollern (1511 – 1577) è stata una principessa del Brandeburgo e duchessa consorte di Pomerania…

باينفيو   الإحداثيات 32°06′36″N 83°30′02″W / 32.11°N 83.5006°W / 32.11; -83.5006   [1] تقسيم إداري  البلد الولايات المتحدة[2]  التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة ويلكوكس  خصائص جغرافية  المساحة 5.062007 كيلومتر مربع5.06202 كيلومتر مربع (1 أبريل 2010)  ارتفاع 89 متر  عدد السكان  …

Main article: 1992 United States presidential election 1992 United States presidential election in Alaska ← 1988 November 3, 1992 1996 →   Nominee George H. W. Bush Bill Clinton Ross Perot Party Republican Democratic Independent Home state Texas Arkansas Texas Running mate Dan Quayle Al Gore James Stockdale Electoral vote 3 0 0 Popular vote 102,000 78,294 73,481 Percentage 39.46% 30.29% 28.43% Borough and Census Area Results (historical boundaries)B…

English actor (1942–2014) This article is about the actor. For other uses, see Bob Hoskins (disambiguation). Bob HoskinsHoskins in May 2006BornRobert William Hoskins(1942-10-26)26 October 1942Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, EnglandDied29 April 2014(2014-04-29) (aged 71)London, EnglandBurial placeHighgate Cemetery, LondonOccupation(s)Actor, directorYears active1968–2012Spouses Jane Livesey ​ ​(m. 1967; div. 1978)​ Linda Banwell ​&#…

GB & England international rugby league footballer For other people named Paul Wood, see Paul Wood (disambiguation). Paul WoodPersonal informationFull namePaul WoodBorn (1981-10-10) 10 October 1981 (age 42)Wigan, Greater Manchester, EnglandPlaying informationHeight6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)Weight15 st 10 lb (100 kg) [1]PositionProp, Second-row Club Years Team Pld T G FG P 2000–14 Warrington Wolves 339 50 0 0 200 2015 Featherstone Rovers 15 0 0 0 …

American novelist and poet (born 1942) Erica JongJong in 1977BornErica Mann (1942-03-26) March 26, 1942 (age 82)New York City, U.S.OccupationAuthorteacherAlma materBarnard College (BA)Columbia University (MA)Period1973–presentGenrePrimarily fiction and poetryNotable worksFear of Flying, Shylock's Daughter, Seducing the DemonSpouse Michael Werthman ​ ​(m. 1963, divorced)​ Allan Jong ​ ​(m. 1966, divorced)&…