Kemenangan termutilasi

Kemenangan termutilasi (bahasa Italia: vittoria mutilata) adalah istilah yang dicetuskan oleh penyair terkenal Italia, Gabriele D'Annunzio,[1] untuk mendeskripsikan ketidakpuasan Italia setelah berakhirnya Perang Dunia I karena isi Pakta London yang ditandatangani oleh Italia sebelum bergabung dengan Sekutu tidak terpenuhi. Istilah ini memicu retorik iredentis dan nasionalis dalam politik Italia sebelum Perang Dunia II dan merupakan poin penting dalam propaganda fasis.

Latar belakang

Setelah Perang Dunia I meletus, kedua belah pihak mencoba membujuk Italia untuk bergabung. Pada 26 April 1915, Entente Tiga dan Italia menandatangani perjanjian rahasia yang disebut Pakta London. Perjanjian tersebut akan memberikan wilayah Habsburg di Alpen Selatan dan Balkan kepada Italia (terutama wilayah Trentino dan Tirol Selatan, Istria, dan pesisir Dalmatia utara, termasuk kota Šibenik) apabila perang berhasil dimenangkan. Wilayah lain yang dijanjikan adalah kota Valone di Albania, wilayah pesisir selatan Anatolia, dan beberapa koloni Jerman di Afrika.

Namun, Presiden Amerika Serikat Woodrow Wilson menentang penyerahan wilayah yang dihuni oleh orang-orang Slavia kepada Italia. Ia meminta agar perbatasan Italia dan Austria ditetapkan sesuai dengan persebaran etnis. Pasal satu dalam Empat Belas Pasal Wilson juga menyatakan bahwa tidak boleh ada perjanjian rahasia, sehingga ia menolak mengakui perjanjian rahasia yang disusun oleh Entente Tiga dengan Italia. Maka dari itu, klaim Italia atas wilayah Adriatik diabaikan. Sebagai gantinya, Amerika Serikat memberikan bantuan ekonomi.[2]

Hal ini memicu kemarahan di kalangan iredentis dan nasionalis Italia. Penyair Gabriele D’Annunzio mengkritik kegagalan Perdana Menteri Vittorio Orlando di meja perjanjian, terutama terkait dengan kota Fiume yang dihuni oleh 90% orang Italia tetapi diserahkan kepada Kerajaan Serbia, Kroasia, dan Slovenia. Pada 12 September 1919, D’Annunzio memimpin 2.600 pasukan iredentis Italia melawan pasukan Sekutu yang menduduki kota Fiume. Ia lalu mendirikan Perwalian Italia Carnaro.

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ Cfr. Gabriele D'Annunzio, in an editorial in Corriere della Sera, October 24, 1918, Vittoria nostra, non sarai mutilata ("Our victory will not be mutilated")
  2. ^ Burgwyn, H. James. (1993). The Legend of the Mutilated Victory. Greenwood Press.

Daftar pustaka

  • Lowe, C.J. (2002). Italian Foreign Policy 1870-1940. Routledge.
  • Burgwyn, H. James. (1993). The Legend of the Mutilated Victory. Greenwood Press.
  • Mack Smith, Denis (1997). Modern Italy. The University of Michigan Press.

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