Eksepsionalisme

Eksepsionalisme adalah pandangan bahwa sebuah negara, masyarakat, lembaga, gerakan, atau era bersifat "eksepsional" (i.e., tidak biasa atau hebat) dan tidak perlu mematuhi peraturan atau prinsip umum.

Sejarah

Filsuf-sejarawan romansa Jerman, Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) dan Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814), membahas tema keunikan pada akhir abad ke-18. Mereka tidak berfokus pada negara politik, melainkan keunikan Volk yang terdiri dari seluruh rakyat, bahasa, dan tradisi mereka. Setiap bangsa, entitas budaya yang memiliki sejarah sendiri, memiliki "semangat nasional" atau "jiwa rakyat" (Volksgeist). Pemikiran ini sangat berdampak pada pertumbuhan nasionalisme di Eropa abad ke-19, terutama wilayah yang dikuasai oleh kaum elit dari wilayah lain.[1][2]

Eksepsionalitas diklaim oleh banyak negara termasuk Prancis, Jerman, India, Pakistan, Kekaisaran Jepang, Iran, Korea Utara, Spanyol, Britania Raya, Amerika Serikat, USSR, UE, dan Thailand.[3][4] Para sejarawan menambahkan contoh lain seperti Kekaisaran Tiongkok, Kesultanan Utsmaniyah, dan Romawi kuno, serta beberapa kerajaan kecil sepanjang sejarah.[5]

Lihat pula

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ Royal J. Schmidt, "Cultural Nationalism in Herder," Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Jun., 1956), pp. 407-417 in JSTOR
  2. ^ Hans Kohn, "The Paradox of Fichte's Nationalism," Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 10, No. 3 (Jun., 1949), pp. 319-343 in JSTOR
  3. ^ http://nolte.rewi.hu-berlin.de/doc/pub/European_Exceptionalism.pdf
  4. ^ http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_ARTICLE=EUFOR_359_0083
  5. ^ See Christopher K. Chase-Dunn, Thomas D. Hall, and E. Susan Manning, "Rise and Fall: East-West Synchronicity and Indic Exceptionalism Reexamined," Social Science History, Volume 24, Number 4, Winter 2000, pp. 727-754 in Project Muse

Referensi

  • George M. Fredrickson. "From Exceptionalism to Variability: Recent Developments in Cross-National Comparative History," Journal of American History, Vol. 82, No. 2 (Sep., 1995), pp. 587–604 in JSTOR
  • Gallant, Thomas W. "Greek Exceptionalism and Contemporary Historiography: New Pitfalls and Old Debates," Journal of Modern Greek Studies, Volume 15, Number 2, October 1997, pp. 209–216
  • Michael Kammen, "The Problem of American Exceptionalism: A Reconsideration," American Quarterly, Vol. 45, No. 1 (Mar., 1993), pp. 1–43 in JSTOR
  • Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (1996)
  • Lund, Joshua. "Barbarian Theorizing and the Limits of Latin American Exceptionalism," Cultural Critique, 47, Winter 2001, pp. 54–90 in Project Muse
  • Pei, Minxin. "The Puzzle of East Asian Exceptionalism," Journal of Democracy, Volume 5, Number 4, October 1994, pp. 90–103
  • Thompson, Eric C. "Singaporean Exceptionalism and Its Implications for ASEAN Regionalism," Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, Volume 28, Number 2, August 2006, pp. 183–206.

Templat:Eksepsionalisme

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