Arkeologi Yunani

Arkeologi Yunani adalah segala kegiatan arkeologi untuk mencatat peninggalan-peninggalan sejarah Yunani sejak zaman kuno.

Pembabakan

Zaman Neolitik

Periode Neolitik (6500–3000 SM) di Yunani ditandai oleh kemunculan pertanian dan domestikasi ternak; Peninggalan arkeologis dari pemukiman pertanian terlihat jelas dalam tel (gundukan yang terdiri dari batako yang digunakan dalam pembangunan rumah) yang menonjol.^[1] Tel terbentuk melalui bangunan baru yang dibangun di atas bangunan lama. Hal ini menjadi pusat perhatian arkeologi Neolitik di Yunani sebagai materi penelitian terhadap pertanian dan pola pemukiman yang lebih mendalam.^[2]

Zaman Perunggu

Arkeologi Zaman Perunggu Yunani paling terlihat pada dua peradaban utama, Minoa dan Mykenai.^[3]

Zaman Besi

Peradaban Mykenai berakhir pada awal Zaman Besi Yunani (1100 SM), juga dikenal sebagai Zaman Kegelapan dalam sejarah Yunani. Zaman Besi Awal masih menunjukkan bukti keberadaan Mykenai melalui peninggalan arkeologi di situs Tiryns, Argos, Midea dan Asine. Peninggalan arkeologi membuktikan gempa bumi merusak bangunan-bangunan Mykenai, dan gempa ini menyebabkan serangkaian kebakaran dan gempa bumi yang lebih kecil. Selama periode lingkungan yang tidak stabil ini, peradaban Mykenai runtuh karena keadaan politik dan tekanan masyarakat yang disebabkan oleh kerusakan lingkungan.^[4]

Yunani Klasik

Arkeologi Yunani Klasik (510 SM - 323 SM) didominasi oleh seni, agama, dan perang. Selama periode Klasik, kota-kota Yunani berperang satu sama lain dan menyerang Persia hingga Athena dan Sparta muncul sebagai kota-kota superior setelah Perang Persia (499–449 SM). Athena dan Sparta bersaing untuk mendapatkan kekuatan tertinggi selama Perang Peloponnesos (431–404 SM). Situasi perang di seluruh wilayah menyebabkan perkembangan signifikan permukiman, arsitektur, dan kerajinan tangan.^[5]

Rujukan

^ Mee (2011), hlm. 9, "The availability of light and well - watered soils that were ideal for cultivation made Thessaly particularly attractive, and the number of settlements expanded rapidly in the Early Neolithic period. More than a hundred sites have been identifi ed in eastern Thessaly alone. Most are tells — artifi cial mounds mainly composed of the mudbrick used in the construction of the houses — which stand out in the fl at landscape. The sites vary in size but average 3 – 4 hectares."
^ Bintliff (2012), hlm. 52. "The known Neolithic settlements of Greece are dominated by the nucleated tell-village, with dispersed farms and hamlets of non-tell type clearly in a minority"
^ Bintliff (2012), hlm. 210, "The succeeding archaeological assemblages of the terminal Bronze Age and Early Iron Age seem firmly rooted in Mycenaean, or on Crete Minoan, Bronze Age traditions, so putative invaders moved on or were rapidly absorbed into local cultures."
^ Alkestis, Papadimitriou (2006). "The Early Iron Age in the Argolid: Some New Aspects". Ancient Greece: From the Mycenaean Palaces to the Age of Homer (dalam bahasa Inggris). Edinburgh University Press. hlm. 545–546. doi:10.3366/j.ctt1g09xng. ISBN 978-0-7486-1889-7. One subject that we should not fail to mention is the lack of evidence concerning religion in the Early Iron Age until the foundation of the new sanctuaries of the historic times. (...) The era that has unfortunately been labelled as Dark Age does not present any cultural break but can be characterised as having a smooth course. (...) - whether Mycenaean survivals or newcomers - found opportunities to express their close connection with the past.
^ Mee (2011), hlm. 31, "The Greek cities were often at war with each other but it was the expansion of the Persian empire that really endangered their existence. (...) The psychological impact of these victories reshaped the way the Greeks thought of themselves. Athens and Sparta emerged from the Persian Wars as the dominant Greek states, and the history of the fifth century is mainly the story of their rivalry which culminated in the Peloponnesian War of 431 – 404."

Daftar pustaka

Bintliff, John (2012-05-21). The Complete Archaeology of Greece: From Hunter-Gatherers to the 20th Century A.D. (dalam bahasa Inggris). John Wiley & Sons. hlm. 52. ISBN 978-1-4051-5419-2.
Mee, Christopher (2011). Greek Archaeology (dalam bahasa Inggris). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444395440.ch2. ISBN 978-1-4443-9544-0.

[FOOTNOTEMee(2011)9-1] Mee (2011), hlm. 9, "The availability of light and well - watered soils that were ideal for cultivation made Thessaly particularly attractive, and the number of settlements expanded rapidly in the Early Neolithic period. More than a hundred sites have been identifi ed in eastern Thessaly alone. Most are tells — artifi cial mounds mainly composed of the mudbrick used in the construction of the houses — which stand out in the fl at landscape. The sites vary in size but average 3 – 4 hectares."

[FOOTNOTEBintliff(2012)52-2] Bintliff (2012), hlm. 52. "The known Neolithic settlements of Greece are dominated by the nucleated tell-village, with dispersed farms and hamlets of non-tell type clearly in a minority"

[FOOTNOTEBintliff(2012)210-3] Bintliff (2012), hlm. 210, "The succeeding archaeological assemblages of the terminal Bronze Age and Early Iron Age seem firmly rooted in Mycenaean, or on Crete Minoan, Bronze Age traditions, so putative invaders moved on or were rapidly absorbed into local cultures."

[4] Alkestis, Papadimitriou (2006). "The Early Iron Age in the Argolid: Some New Aspects". Ancient Greece: From the Mycenaean Palaces to the Age of Homer (dalam bahasa Inggris). Edinburgh University Press. hlm. 545–546. doi:10.3366/j.ctt1g09xng. ISBN 978-0-7486-1889-7. One subject that we should not fail to mention is the lack of evidence concerning religion in the Early Iron Age until the foundation of the new sanctuaries of the historic times. (...) The era that has unfortunately been labelled as Dark Age does not present any cultural break but can be characterised as having a smooth course. (...) - whether Mycenaean survivals or newcomers - found opportunities to express their close connection with the past.

[FOOTNOTEMee(2011)31-5] Mee (2011), hlm. 31, "The Greek cities were often at war with each other but it was the expansion of the Persian empire that really endangered their existence. (...) The psychological impact of these victories reshaped the way the Greeks thought of themselves. Athens and Sparta emerged from the Persian Wars as the dominant Greek states, and the history of the fifth century is mainly the story of their rivalry which culminated in the Peloponnesian War of 431 – 404."

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