硝酸银

硝酸銀
IUPAC名
Silver(I) nitrate, Silver nitrate
英文名 Silver nitrate
别名 Nitric acid silver(1+) salt
Lapis infernalis
识别
CAS号 7761-88-8  checkY
PubChem 24470
ChemSpider 22878
SMILES
 
  • [N+](=O)([O-])[O-].[Ag+]
InChI
 
  • 1/Ag.NO3/c;2-1(3)4/q+1;-1
InChIKey SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYAW
UN编号 1493
ChEBI 32130
RTECS VW4725000
性质
化学式 AgNO3
摩尔质量 169.87 g·mol−1
外观 无色固体
氣味 无味
密度 4.35 g/cm3 (24 °C)
3.97 g/cm3 (210 °C)[1]
熔点 209.7 °C(483 K)
沸点 440 °C(713 K)
溶解性 122 g/100 mL (0 °C)
170 g/100 mL (10 °C)
256 g/100 mL (25 °C)
373 g/100 mL (40 °C)
912 g/100 mL (100 °C)[2]
溶解性 可溶于丙酮[1]甘油
溶解性醋酸 0.776 g/kg (30 °C)
1.244 g/kg (40 °C)
5.503 g/kg (93 °C)[3]
溶解性丙酮 0.35 g/100 g (14 °C)
0.44 g/100 g (18 °C)[2]
溶解性 0.22 g/kg (35 °C)
0.44 g/kg (40.5 °C)[2]
溶解性酒精 3.1 g/100 g (19 °C)[2]
溶解性乙酸乙酯 2.7 g/100 g (20 °C)[3]
log P 0.19[4]
磁化率 −45.7·10−6 cm3/mol
折光度n
D
1.744
黏度 3.77 cP (244 °C)
3.04 cP (275 °C)[3]
结构
晶体结构 Orthorhombic, oP56[5]
空间群 P212121, No. 19[5]
晶格常数 a = 6.992(2) Å, b = 7.335(2) Å, c = 10.125(2) Å[5]
晶格常数 α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 90°
热力学
ΔfHm298K −124.4 kJ/mol[1]
S298K 140.9 J/mol·K[1]
热容 93.1 J/mol·K[1]
药理学
ATC代码 D08AL01D08
危险性
GHS危险性符号
《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》(简称“GHS”)中氧化性物质的标签图案《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》(简称“GHS”)中腐蚀性物质的标签图案《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》(简称“GHS”)中对环境有害物质的标签图案[6]
GHS提示词 Danger
H-术语 H272, H314, H410[6]
P-术语 P220, P273, P280, P305+351+338, P310, P501[6]
主要危害 与酒精反应会爆炸,腐蚀性
NFPA 704
1
3
3
 
致死量或浓度:
LDLo最低
800 mg/kg (兔子, 口服)
20 mg/kg (狗, 口服)[7]
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。

硝酸银(英語:Silver nitrate)化学式为AgNO3,白色晶体,易溶于水,遇有机物变灰黑色,分解出银。纯硝酸银对光稳定,但由于一般的产品纯度不够,其水溶液和固体常保存在棕色试剂瓶中。是实验室最主要的Ag+离子源。

硝酸銀溶液由于含有大量银离子,故氧化性较强,并有一定腐蚀性,医学上用于腐蚀增生的肉芽组织,稀溶液可作為眼部感染(例如新生兒結膜炎英语Neonatal conjunctivitis)的預防性杀菌剂[8]

製備

硝酸銀結晶的製備方法為,將銀金屬溶解於硝酸溶液中,再將溶液的水份蒸發。方程式如下所示:

3 Ag(s) + 4HNO3(aq) → 3 AgNO3(aq) + 2 H2O(l) + NO(g)

硝酸銀固體中的銀離子,在三角平面結構中是三配位[9]

化學反應

若遇到氯离子溴离子碘离子等会发生反应生成不溶于水,不溶于硝酸氯化银(白色沉淀),溴化银(淡黄色沉淀),碘化银(黄色沉淀)等。因此常用于检验氟以外的卤素离子的存在;

Ag+(aq) + X(aq) → AgX(s)
X代表Cl或Br或I。

氯化銀可與氨水反應再度溶解,生成無色的二氨合銀(I)配离子溶液:

AgCl +2NH3 → Ag(NH3)2+ + Cl -
硝酸銀與汗水中的氯化鈉生成AgCl沉澱,再照光後顯現出黑色指紋影像,故可用來驗指紋

置換反應

由於銀是一種不太活潑的金屬,因此可以受如等比銀更活潑(活性更大)的金屬置換出來。

例如可以把硝酸銀裏面的銀置換出來,生成硝酸銅單質。其中可觀察到,溶液慢慢由無色變爲藍色,並有銀色的物質生成。

2 AgNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3)2 + 2 Ag

置換反應氧化還原反應

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Lide, David R. (编). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 90th. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press英语CRC Press. 2009. ISBN 978-1-4200-9084-0 (英语). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F. Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds 2nd. New York City: D. Van Nostrand Company. 1919: 617–619. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Kiper, Ruslan Anatolievich. silver nitrate. Chemister.ru. [2014-07-20]. (原始内容存档于2014-08-11). 
  4. ^ MSDS of Silver sulfate. Fisher Scientific, Inc. Fair Lawn, New Jersey. [2014-07-20]. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Meyer, P.; Rimsky, A.; Chevalier, R. Structure du nitrate d'argent à pression et température ordinaires. Example de cristal parfait. Acta Crystallographica Section B. 1978, 34 (5): 1457–1462. doi:10.1107/S0567740878005907. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 来源:Sigma-Aldrich Co., Silver nitrate (2014-07-20查阅).
  7. ^ Silver (metal dust and soluble compounds, as Ag). Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 
  8. ^ 硝酸银 CAS#: 7761-88-8. www.chemicalbook.com. [2018-11-10]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-04) (中文). 
  9. ^ P. Meyer, A. Rimsky et R. Chevalier. Structure du nitrate d'argent à pression et température ordinaires. Example de cristal parfait. Acta Crystallographica Section B. 1978, 34: 1457–1462. doi:10.1107/S056774087800590. 

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