z crochet palatal, z hameçon palatal
Image illustrative de l’article Ᶎ
Graphies
Capitale
Bas de casse
Utilisation
Alphabets alphabet phonétique international (désuet)
Phonèmes principaux //, /ʈʂ/

, appelé z crochet palatal ou z hameçon palatal, est une lettre additionnelle de l’alphabet latin qui était utilisée dans l'alphabet phonétique international pour représenter une consonne fricative alvéolaire voisée palatalisée []. Elle a aussi été utilisée dans une proposition de romanisation hanyu pinyin du chinois mandarin dans les années 1950.

Utilisation

L’alphabet dialectal suédois de 1878 de Johan August Lundell, utilisant l’italique, a une forme de z avec un crochet palatal ressemblant à un ej.

Tableau de consonnes normales et palatalisées dans Trofimov et Scott 1919.

Le z crochet palatal est adopté officiellement dans l’alphabet phonétique international en 1928[1]. Il avait déjà été utilisé par Michael V. Trofimov et James P. Scott[2], ou Daniel Jones et Trofimov en 1923[3] dans des descriptions phonétiques russes, et figure aussi dans L’Écriture phonétique internationale publié en 1921[4].

Le z crochet palatal fait partie d’un alphabet hanyu pinyin proposé en 1956, utilisant d’autres lettres additionnelles comme ч, , ŋ, ʂ. Elle représente une consonne affriquée rétroflexe sourde [ʈʂ] en mandarin standard[5], aujourd’hui transcrite ‹ zh › en hanyu pinyin.

Représentations informatiques

Le z hameçon palatal peut être représenté avec les caractères Unicode (Extensions phonétiques) suivants :

formes représentations chaînes
de caractères
points de code descriptions
majuscule U+A7C6 U+A7C6 lettre majuscule latine z hameçon palatal(depuis Unicode 12.0)
minuscule U+1D8E U+1D8E lettre minuscule latine z hameçon palatal

Notes et références

Bibliographie

  • Association phonétique internationale, L’Écriture phonétique internationale : exposé populaire avec application au français et à plusieurs autres langues, Londres, , 2e éd. (lire en ligne)
  • Association phonétique international, « desizjɔ̃ ofisjɛl », lə mɛːtrə fɔnetik [Le Maître phonétique],‎ , p. 51–53 (JSTOR 44704266)
  • (en) Tao-tai Hsia, « New latinization plan », dans China’s language reforms, New Haven, Institute of Far Eastern Publications, Yale University, coll. « Mirror Series A » (no 21), , p. 107-140
  • (en) International Phonetic Association, « Report on the 1989 Kiel Convention », Journal of the International Phonetic Association, vol. 19, no 2,‎ , p. 67–80 (DOI 10.1017/S0025100300003868, JSTOR 44526032)
  • (en) International Phonetics Association, Handbook of the International Phonetics Association : A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge, U.K. ; New York, NY, Cambridge University Press, , 204 p. (ISBN 0-521-63751-1)
  • (en) Daniel Jones et Michael V. Trofimov, The pronunciation of Russian, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, (lire en ligne)
  • (en) Andrew West, Eiso Chan et Michael Everson, Proposal to encode three uppercase Latin letters used in early Pinyin, (lire en ligne)
  • (en) Michael V. Trofimov et James P. Scott, Handbook of Russian, London, Constable and Company, (lire en ligne)
  • (zh) 文字改革出版社 (Wénzì Gǎigé Chūbǎn Shè), « 附柔 新旧拼音方案的比較 (Fù róu xīnjiù pīnyīn fāng’àn de bǐjiào) », 汉语拼音方案草案讨论集 (Hànyǔ pīnyīn fāng'àn cǎo'àn tǎolùn jí), vol. 1,‎ , p. 5-6 (lire en ligne)
  • (zh) 中國文字改革委員会 [Zhōngguó wénzì gǎigé wěiyuán huì], 漢語拼音方案(草案)[Hànyǔ pīnyīn fāng'àn(cǎo’àn)], Beijing, 人民教育出版社 [Rénmín jiàoyù chūbǎnshè],‎ (lire en ligne)

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