Transition metal chloride complex

Octahedral molecular geometry is a common structural motif for homoleptic metal chloride complexes. Examples include MCl6 (M = Mo, W), [MCl6]− (M = Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Re), [MCl6]2- (M = Ti Zr, Hf, Mo, Mn, Re, Ir, Pd, Pt), and [MCl6]3- (M = Ru Os, Rh, Ir).

In chemistry, a transition metal chloride complex is a coordination complex that consists of a transition metal coordinated to one or more chloride ligand. The class of complexes is extensive.[1]

Bonding

Halides are X-type ligands in coordination chemistry. They are both σ- and π-donors. Chloride is commonly found as both a terminal ligand and a bridging ligand. The halide ligands are weak field ligands. Due to a smaller crystal field splitting energy, the homoleptic halide complexes of the first transition series are all high spin. Only [CrCl6]3− is exchange inert.

Homoleptic metal halide complexes are known with several stoichiometries, but the main ones are the hexahalometallates and the tetrahalometallates. The hexahalides adopt octahedral coordination geometry, whereas the tetrahalides are usually tetrahedral. Square planar tetrahalides are known for Pd(II), Pt(II), and Au(III). Examples with 2- and 3-coordination are common for Au(I), Cu(I), and Ag(I).

Due to the presence of filled pπ orbitals, halide ligands on transition metals are able to reinforce π-backbonding onto a π-acid. They are also known to labilize cis-ligands.[2] [3]

Homoleptic complexes

Homoleptic complexes (complexes with only chloride ligands) are often common reagents. Almost all examples are anions.

1st row

1st Transition Series
Complex colour electron config. structure geometry comments
TiCl4 colourless (t2g)0 tetrahedral
[Ti2Cl9]− white/colourless d0d0 face-sharing bioctahedron Ti-Cl(terminal) = 2.23 Å, 2.45 (terminal)
(N(PCl3)2)+ salt)[4]
[Ti2Cl9]3- orange (t2g)1(t2g)1 face-sharing bioctahedron Ti-Ti =3.22 Å
Ti-C1(terminal) = 2.32-2.35 Å,
Ti-Cl(bridge) = 2.42-2.55 Å
((NEt4+)3)3 salt)[5]
[Ti2Cl10]2− colourless d0d0 bioctahedral
[Ti3Cl12]3- green (t2g)1(t2g)1(t2g)1 face-sharing trioctahedron Ti-Ti = 3.19, 3.10 Å (terminal)
Ti-C1(terminal) = 2.36 Å (terminal),
Ti-Cl(bridge) = 2.50 Å
((PPh4+)3)3 salt)[6]
[TiCl6]2− yellow d0 octahedral PPh4+ salt
Ti-Cl = 2.33 Å[7]
VCl4 red (t2g)1 tetrahedral V1−Cl = 2.29 Å
V2Cl10 violet (t2g)0 edge-shared bioctahedron V1−Cl(bridging) = 2.48 Å
V1−Cl(terminal) = 2.16-2.21 Å[8]
[VCl6]2- red (t2g)1 octahedral V1−Cl = 2.29 Å[9]
[CrCl6]3− pink[3] (t2g)3 octahedral[10][3]
[Cr2Cl9]3− red (d3)2 face-sharing bioctahedron Cr-Cl(terminal) = 2.31 Å, 2.42 (terminal)
(Et2NH2+ salt)[11]
[MnCl4]2−[12] pale pink to while (eg)2(t2g)3 tetrahedral Mn-Cl bond length = 2.3731-2.3830 Å[13]
[MnCl6]2− dark red (t2g)3(eg)1 octahedral Mn-Cl distance = 2.28 Å
K+ salt[14])
salt is isostructural with K2PtCl6
[MnCl6]3− brown[3] (t2g)3(eg)1 octahedral[10][3]
[Mn2Cl6]2− yellow-green (eg)2(t2g)3 bitetrahedral Mn-Cl(terminal) bond length = 2.24 Å
Mn-Cl(terminal) bond length = 2.39 Å[15]
(PPN+)2 salt
[Mn3Cl12]6− pink (t2g)3(eg)2 cofacial trioctahedron Mn-Cl distance = --- Å
[(C(NH2)3]+6 salt[16]
[FeCl4]2−[12] cream (eg)3(t2g)3 tetrahedral((Et4N+)2 salt)[12]
[FeCl4]− (eg)2(t2g)3 tetrahedral Fe-Cl bond length = 2.19 Å[17]
[FeCl6]3− orange (t2g)3(eg)2 octahedral[3]
[Fe2Cl6]2− pale yellow (eg)2(t2g)3 bitetrahedral Fe-Cl(terminal) bond length = 2.24 Å
Fe-Cl(terminal) bond length = 2.39 Å[15]
(PPN+)2 salt
[CoCl4]2−[12] blue[12] (eg)4(t2g)3 tetrahedral
[Co2Cl6]2− blue[15] (eg)4(t2g)3 bitetrahedral Mn-Cl(terminal) bond length = 2.24 Å
Co-Cl(terminal) bond length = 2.35 Å[15]
(PPN+)2 salt
[NiCl4]2−[12] blue[12] (eg)4(t2g)4 tetrahedral Ni-Cl bond length = 2.28 Å
(Et4N+)2 salt[18]
[Ni3Cl12]6− orange[19] (t2g)6(eg)2 confacial trioctahedral ((Me2NH2+)2)8 salt
double salt with two Cl−
Ni-Cl bond length = 2.36-2.38 Å[19]
[CuCl4]2−[12] orange[20]
yellow (flattened tetrahedral)[21]
green (square planar)[22] 		(t2g)6(eg)3 flattened tetrahedral
or square planar[23][24] 		Cu-Cl bond length = 2.24 Å
[Cu2Cl6]2− red [(t2g)6(eg)3]2 edge-shared bis(square planar)[25] Cu-Cl(terminal) = 2.24 Å
Cu-Cl(bridging) = 2.31 Å
[ZnCl4]2− white/colorless d10 tetrahedral

2nd row

Some homoleptic complexes of the second row transition metals feature metal-metal bonds.

2nd Transition Series
Complex colour electron config. structure geometry comments
[ZrCl6]2− yellow d0 octahedral Zr-Cl distance = 2.460 Å
(Me4N+)2 salt[27]
[Zr2Cl10]2− colorless (d0)2 edge-shared bioctahedral Zr-Cl = 2.36 Å (terminal), 2.43 Å (bridging)
N(PCl3)2)+ salt[4]
Nb2Cl10 yellow (d0)2 edge-shared bioctahedral [Nb2Cl10] 3.99 Å[28]
[NbCl6]− yellow d0 octahedral Nb-Cl = 2.34 Å
N(PCl3)2)+ salt[4]
[Nb6Cl18]2− black (d2)4(d3)2 (14 cluster electrons) cluster Nb---Nb bonding Nb-Cl = 2.92 Å
(K+)2 salt[29]
MoCl6 black d0 octahedron Mo−Cl = 2.28 -2.31 Å[8]
[MoCl6]2− yellow (t2g)2 octahedron Mo−Cl = 2.37, 2.38, 2.27 Å[30]
[MoCl6]3− pink (t2g)3 octahedral
[Mo2Cl8]4− purple[31] 2(d4) Mo-Mo quadruple bond
[Mo2Cl9]3− 2(d3) face-shared bioctahedral Mo-Mo (triple) bond length = 2.65 Å
Mo-Cl (terminal) bond length = 2.38 Å
Mo-Cl (bridging) bond length = 2.49 Å[32][33]
Mo2Cl10 green (d1)2 edge-sharing bioctahedra[34]
[Mo2Cl10]2− (d2)2 edge-sharing bioctahedra[35]
[Mo5Cl13]2− brown[31] d2d2d2d2d3 incomplete octahedron[36]
[Mo6Cl14]2− yellow d4 octahedral cluster (4-HOPyH+)2 salt[37]
[TcCl6]2− yellow (t2g)3 octahedron Tc-Cl = 2.35 Å for As(C6H5)4+ salt[38]
[Tc2Cl8]2− green (t2g)4 Tc-Tc quadruple bond Tc-Tc = 2.16, Tc-Cl = 2.34 Å for NBu4+ salt[39]
[RuCl6]2− brown (t2g)4 octahedral (EtPPh3+)2 salt[40]
[Ru2Cl9]3− red [(t2g)5]2 cofacial bioctahedral Ru-Ru bond length = 2.71 Å; Ru-Cl(terminal) = 2.35 Å, Ru-Cl(bridging) = 2.36 Å ((Et4N)+)3 salt[41]
[Ru3Cl12]4− green (d5)2(d6) cofacial trioctahedral Ru-Ru bond lengths = 2.86 Å
Ru-Cl bond lengths = 2.37-2.39 Å
(Et4N+)2(H7O3+)2 salt[42]
[RhCl6]3− red (t2g)6 octahedral H2N+(CH2CH2NH3+)2 salt)[43]
[Rh2Cl9]3− red-brown (t2g)6 octahedral Rh-Cl(terminal) = 2.30 Å, Rh-Cl(terminal) = 2.40 Å
((Me3CH2Ph)+)3 salt)[32]
[PdCl4]2− brown d8 square planar
[Pd2Cl6]2−[44] red ((Et4N+)2 salt) d8 square planar
[Pd3Cl8]2−[45] orange brown ((Bu4N+)2 salt) d8 square planar
[PdCl6]2− brown d6 octahedral Pd(IV)
[Pd6Cl12] yellow-brown d8 square planar[46]
[AgCl2]− white/colorless d10 linear salt of [K(2.2.2-crypt)]+[47]
[CdCl4]2− white/colorless d10 tetrahedral Et4N+ salt, Cd-Cl distance is 2.43 Å[26]
[Cd2Cl6]2− white/colorless d10 edge-shared bitetrahedron (C6N3(4-C5H4N)33+ salt[48]
[Cd3Cl12]6− white/colorless d10 octahedral (central Cd)
pentacoordinate (terminal Cd's)
cofactial trioctahedral 		(C6N3(4-C5H4N)33+ salt[48]
(3,8-Diammonium-6-phenylphenanthridine3+)2[49]
[Cd6Cl19]7− white/colorless d10 octahedron of octahedra 4,4'-(C6H3(2-Et)NH3+)2 salt[50]

3rd row

3rd Transition Series
Complex colour electron config. structure geometry comments
[HfCl6]2− white d0 octahedral Hf-Cl distance = 2.448 A
((Me4N+)2 salt)[27]
[Hf2Cl10]2− colorless/white d0 edge-shared bioctahedral[51]
[Hf2Cl9]− colorless/white (d0)2 face-shared bioctahedral[52]
[TaCl5] white d0 edge-shared bioctahedral
[TaCl6]− white/colourless d0 octahedral Ta-Cl = 2.34 Å
(N(PCl3)2)+ salt)[4]
[Ta6Cl18]2- green d0 octahedral Ta-Ta = 2.34 Å
(H+2 salt hexahydrate[53]
WCl6 blue d0 octahedral 2.24–2.26 Å[54]
[WCl6]2− (t2g)2 octahedral W-Cl distances range from 2.34 to 2.37 Å
(PPh4+ salt)[55]
[WCl6]− (t2g)1 octahedral W-Cl distance = 2.32 Å
(Et4N+ salt)[56]
W2Cl10 black[57] (t2g1)2 bioctahedral W-W distance = 3.814 Å[58]
[W2Cl8]4− blue 2(d4) W-W quadruple bond dW-W = 2.259 Å [Na(tmeda)+]4 salt[59]
[W2Cl9]2− d3d2 face-sharing bioctahedral W-W distance = 2.54 Å
W-Cl(terminal) = 2.36 Å, W-Cl(bridge) = 2.45 Å
((PPN+)2 salt)[60]
[W2Cl9]3− d3d3 octahedral W-Cl distance = 2.32 Å
(Et4N+ salt)[60]
[W3Cl13]3− d3,d3,d4 [W3(μ3-Cl)(μ-Cl)3Cl9]3- W-W distances = 2.84 Å[61]
[W3Cl13]2− d3,d4,d4 [W3(μ3-Cl)(μ-Cl)3Cl9]2-[61] W-W distances = 2.78 Å[61]
[W6Cl14]2- yellow[62] (d4)6 see Mo6Cl12
[ReCl6]− red-brown (t2g)2 octahedral Re-Cl distance = 2.24-2.31 Å
(PPh4+ salt)[63]
[ReCl6] (t2g)1 octahedral Re-Cl distance = 226.3(6) Å[8]
[ReCl6]2− green (t2g)3 octahedral Re-Cl distance = 2.35-2.38 Å
((PPN+)2 salt)[64]
[Re2Cl9]2− (t2g)3(t2g)4 face-sharing bioctahedral Re-Re distance = 2.48 Å
Re-Cl distances = 2.42 Å (bridge), 2.33 Å (terminal)
((Et4N+)2 salt)[65]
[Re2Cl9]− ((t2g)3)2 face-sharing bioctahedral Re-Re distance = 2.70 Å
Re-Cl distances = 2.41 (bridge), 2.28 Å (terminal)
(Bu4N+ salt)[65]
[OsCl6]− dark green (t2g)3 octahedral dOs-Cl = 2.30 Å for Et4N+[66] and Ph4P+[67] salts
[OsCl6]2− yellow-orange (t2g)4 octahedral[67] Os-Cl distance 2.33 Å
[Os2Cl8]2− green (d5)2 square antiprism dOs-Os = 2.182 Å, dOs-Cl = 2.32 Å (Bu4N+)2 salt[68]
[Os2Cl10]2− green (d4)2 octahedral dOs-Cl(terminal) = 2.30 Å dOs-Cl(bridging) = 2.42 Å (Et4N+)2 salt[66]
[IrCl6]3− red (t2g)6 octahedral Ir-Cl = 2.36 Å[69]
[IrCl6]2− brown (t2g)5 octahedral Ir-Cl = 2.33 Å[70]
[Ir2Cl9]3− - ((t2g)6)2 bi-octahedral[71]
[PtCl4]2− pink d8 square planar
[PtCl6]2− yellow d6 octahedral Pt-Cl distance = 2.32 Å
Et4N+ salt, ((Me4N+)2 salt)[27]
[Pt2Cl9]− red (Bu4N+ salt) ((t2g)6)2 octahedral Pt-Clt and Pt-Clbridge = 2.25, 2.38 Å[72]
[Pt2Cl10]2− yellow-brown (PPN+ salt) ((t2g)6)2 edge-shared bioctahedral Pt-Clt and Pt-Clbridge = 2.27, 2.37 Å[72]
[Pt6Cl12] yellow-brown (d8)6 square planar Pt-Cl = 2.31[73]
[AuCl2]− white/colorless d10 linear Au-Cl distances of 2.28 Å
NEt4+ salt[74]
Au4Cl8 black (d10)2(d8)2 linear and square planar rare example of mixed valence, molecular chloride[75]
[AuCl4]− yellow d8 square planar Au-Cl distances of 2.26 Å
NBu4+ salt[76]
[HgCl4]2− white/colorless d10 tetrahedral Hg-Cl distance is 2.46 Å[26]
Et4N+ salt
[Hg2Cl6]2− white/colorless d10 edge-shared bitetrahedral Hg-Cl distance is 2.46 Å[77]
Bu4N+ salt

Heteroleptic complexes

Heteroleptic complexes containing chloride are numerous. Most hydrated metal halides are members of this class. Hexamminecobalt(III) chloride and Cisplatin (cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2) are prominent examples of metal-ammine-chlorides.

Hydrates

"Nickel dichloride hexahydrate" consists of the chloride complex trans-[NiCl2(H2O)4 plus water of crystallization.

As indicated in the table below, many hydrates of metal chlorides are molecular complexes.[78][79] These compounds are often important commercial sources of transition metal chlorides. Several hydrated metal chlorides are not molecular and thus are not included in this tabulation. For example the dihydrates of manganese(II) chloride, nickel(II) chloride, copper(II) chloride, iron(II) chloride, and cobalt(II) chloride are coordination polymers.

Formula of
hydrated metal halides		 Coordination
sphere of the metal
TiCl3(H2O)6 trans-[TiCl2(H2O)4]+[80]
VCl3(H2O)6 trans-[VCl2(H2O)4]+[80]
CrCl3(H2O)6 trans-[CrCl2(H2O)4]+
CrCl3(H2O)6 [CrCl(H2O)5]2+
CrCl2(H2O)4 trans-[CrCl2(H2O)4]
CrCl3(H2O)6 [Cr(H2O)6]3+[81]
MnCl2(H2O)6 trans-[MnCl2(H2O)4]
MnCl2(H2O)4 cis-[MnCl2(H2O)4][82]
FeCl2(H2O)6 trans-[FeCl2(H2O)4]
FeCl2(H2O)4 trans-[FeCl2(H2O)4]
FeCl3(H2O)6 one of four hydrates of ferric chloride,[83]
FeCl3(H2O)2.5 cis-[FeCl2(H2O)4]+[84]
CoCl2(H2O)6 trans-[CoCl2(H2O)4]
CoCl2(H2O)4 cis-[CoCl2(H2O)4]
NiCl2(H2O)6 trans-[NiCl2(H2O)4]
NiCl2(H2O)4 cis-[NiCl2(H2O)4]

Adducts

Metal chlorides form adducts with ethers to give transition metal ether complexes.

References

  1. ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
  2. ^ J. F. Hartwig (2009). "4: Covalent (X-Type) Ligands Bound Through Metal-Heteroatom Bonds". Organotransition Metal Chemistry. University Science Books. ISBN 978-1-891389-53-5.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Hatfield, William E.; Fay, Robert C.; Pfluger, C. E.; Piper, T. S. (1963). "Hexachlorometallates of Trivalent Chromium, Manganese and Iron". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 85 (3): 265–269. doi:10.1021/ja00886a003.
  4. ^ a b c d Rivard, Eric; McWilliams, Andrew R.; Lough, Alan J.; Manners, Ian (2002). "Bis(trichlorophosphine)iminium salts, [Cl3P=N=PCl3]+, with transition metal halide counter-ions". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 58 (9): i114–i118. doi:10.1107/S0108270102012532. PMID 12205363.
  5. ^ Castro, Stephanie L.; Streib, William E.; Huffmann, John C.; Christou, George (1996). "A mixed-valence (TiIIITiIV) Carboxylate Complex: Crystal Structures and Properties of [Ti2OCl3(O2CPh)2(THF)3] and [NEt4]3[Ti2Cl9]". Chemical Communications (18): 2177. doi:10.1039/CC9960002177.
  6. ^ Chen, Linfeng; Cotton, F. Albert (1998). "Synthesis, Reactivity, and X-ray Structures of Face-Sharing Ti(III) Complexes; the New Trinuclear Ion, [Ti3Cl12]3−". Polyhedron. 17 (21): 3727–3734. doi:10.1016/S0277-5387(98)00171-5.
  7. ^ Chen, Linfeng; Cotton, F. A. (1998). "Partial Hydrolysis of Ti(III) and Ti(IV) Chlorides in the Presence of [PPh4]Cl". Inorganica Chimica Acta. 267 (2): 271–279. doi:10.1016/S0020-1693(97)05766-6.
  8. ^ a b c Tamadon, Farhad; Seppelt, K. (2012). "The Elusive Halides VCl5, MoCl6, and ReCl6". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 52 (2): 767–769. doi:10.1002/anie.201207552. PMID 23172658.
  9. ^ Hayton, Trevor W.; Patrick, Brian O.; Legzdins, Peter (2004). "New Details Concerning the Reactions of Nitric Oxide with Vanadium Tetrachloride". Inorganic Chemistry. 43 (22): 7227–7233. doi:10.1021/ic0491534. PMID 15500362.
  10. ^ a b O. S. Filipenko, D. D. Makitova, O. N. Krasochka, V. I. Ponomarev, L. O. Atovmyan (1987). Koord. Khim. 13: 669. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Dyer, Philip W.; Gibson, Vernon C.; Jeffery, John C. (1995). "Unexpected Synthesis of a Binuclear Chromium(III) salt Exhibiting NH…Cl Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions". Polyhedron. 14 (20–21): 3095–3098. doi:10.1016/0277-5387(95)00089-B.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h Gill, N. S.; Taylor, F. B. (1967). Tetrahalo Complexes of Dipositive Metals in the First Transition Series. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 9. pp. 136–142. doi:10.1002/9780470132401.ch37. ISBN 978-0-470-13240-1.
  13. ^ Chang, Jui-Cheng; Ho, Wen-Yueh; Sun, I-Wen; Chou, Yu-Kai; Hsieh, Hsin-Hsiu; Wu, Tzi-Yi (2011). "Synthesis and Properties of New Tetrachlorocobaltate (II) and Tetrachloromanganate (II) Anion Salts with Dicationic Counterions". Polyhedron. 30 (3): 497–507. doi:10.1016/j.poly.2010.11.009.
  14. ^ Moews, P. C. (1966). "The Crystal Structure, Visible, and Ultraviolet Spectra of Potassium Hexachloromanganate(IV)". Inorganic Chemistry. 5: 5–8. doi:10.1021/ic50035a002.
  15. ^ a b c d Sun, Jui-Sui; Zhao, Hanhua; Ouyang, Xiang; Clérac, Rodolphe; Smith, Jennifer A.; Clemente-Juan, Juan M.; Gómez-Garcia, Carlos; Coronado, Eugenio; Dunbar, Kim R. (1999). "Structures, Magnetic Properties, and Reactivity Studies of Salts Containing the Dinuclear Anion [M2Cl6]2-(M = Mn, Fe, Co)". Inorganic Chemistry. 38 (25): 5841–5855. doi:10.1021/ic990525w.
  16. ^ Sen, Abhijit; Swain, Diptikanta; Guru Row, Tayur N.; Sundaresan, A. (2019). "Unprecedented 30 K Hysteresis Across Switchable Dielectric and Magnetic Properties in a Bright Luminescent Organic–Inorganic Halide (CH6N3)2MnCl4" (PDF). Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 7 (16): 4838–4845. doi:10.1039/C9TC00663J. S2CID 141394650.
  17. ^ Lutz, Martin; Huang, Yuxing; Moret, Marc-Etienne; Klein Gebbink, Robertus J. M. (2014). "Phase Transitions and Twinned Low-Temperature Structures of Tetraethylammonium Tetrachloridoferrate(III)". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 70 (5): 470–476. doi:10.1107/S2053229614007955. hdl:1874/307900. PMID 24816016.
  18. ^ Stucky, G. D.; Folkers, J. B.; Kistenmacher, T. J. (1967). "The Crystal and Molecular Structure of Tetraethylammonium Tetrachloronickelate(II)". Acta Crystallographica. 23 (6): 1064–1070. doi:10.1107/S0365110X67004268.
  19. ^ a b Gerdes, Allison; Bond, Marcus R. (2009). "Octakis(dimethylammonium) Hexa-μ2-chlorido-Hexachloridotrinickelate(II) Dichloride: A Linear Trinickel Complex with Asymmetric Bridging". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 65 (10): m398–m400. doi:10.1107/S0108270109036853. PMID 19805875.
  20. ^ Mahoui, A.; Lapasset, J.; Moret, J.; Saint Grégoire, P. (1996). "Tetraethylammonium Tetramethylammonium Tetrachlorocuprate(II), [(C2H5)4N] [(CH3)4N] [CuCl4]". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 52 (11): 2674–2676. doi:10.1107/S0108270196009031.
  21. ^ Guillermo Mínguez Espallargas; Lee Brammer; Jacco van de Streek; Kenneth Shankland; Alastair J. Florence; Harry Adams (2006). "Reversible Extrusion and Uptake of HCl Molecules by Crystalline Solids Involving Coordination Bond Cleavage and Formation". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 (30): 9584–9585. doi:10.1021/ja0625733. PMID 16866484.
  22. ^ Kelley, A.; Nalla, S.; Bond, M. R. (2015). "The Square-Planar to Flattened-Tetrahedral CuX42- (X = Cl, Br) Structural Phase Transition in 1,2,6-Trimethylpyridinium salts". Acta Crystallographica Section B. 71 (Pt 1): 48–60. doi:10.1107/S205252061402664X. PMID 25643715.
  23. ^ Halcrow, Malcolm A. (2013). "Jahn–Teller Distortions in Transition Metal Compounds, and Their Importance in Functional Molecular and Inorganic Materials" (PDF). Chemical Society Reviews. 42 (4): 1784–1795. doi:10.1039/C2CS35253B. PMID 22968285.
  24. ^ Reinen, Dirk (2014). "A New Approach to Treating Vibronic Coupling Under Stress—The Strain-Induced Enhancement or Suppression of Jahn–Teller Distortions in Tetrahedral CuIICl4-Complexes, and the Transition to Octahedral Structures". Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 272: 30–47. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2014.03.004.
  25. ^ Willett, Roger D.; Butcher, Robert E.; Landee, Christopher P.; Twamley, Brendan (2006). "Two Halide Exchange in Copper(II) Halide Dimers: (4,4′-Bipyridinium)Cu2Cl6−x BRX". Polyhedron. 25 (10): 2093–2100. doi:10.1016/j.poly.2006.01.005.
  26. ^ a b c Mahoui, A.; Lapasset, J.; Moret, J.; Saint Grégoire, P. (1996). "Bis(tetraethylammonium) Tetrachlorometallates, [(C2H5)4N]2[MCl4], where M = Hg, Cd, Zn". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 52 (11): 2671–2674. doi:10.1107/S010827019600666X.
  27. ^ a b c Autillo, Matthieu; Wilson, Richard E. (2017). "Phase Transitions in Tetramethylammonium Hexachlorometalate Compounds (TMA)2MCl6 (M = U, Np, Pt, Sn, Hf, Zr)". European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 2017 (41): 4834–4839. doi:10.1002/ejic.201700764.
  28. ^ Cotton, F.A., P. A. Kibala, M. Matusz and R. B. W. Sandor (1991). "Structure of the Second Polymorph of Niobium Pentachloride". Acta Crystallogr. C. 47 (11): 2435–2437. doi:10.1107/S0108270191000239.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ Simon, Arndt; von Schnering, Hans-Georg; Schäfer, Harald (1968). "Beiträge zur Chemie der Elemente Niob und Tantal. LXIX K4Nb6Cl18 Darstellung, Eigenschaften und Struktur". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 361 (5–6): 235–248. doi:10.1002/zaac.19683610503.
  30. ^ Rabe, Susanne; Bubenheim, Wilfried; Müller, Ulrich (2004). "Crystal Structures of Acetonitrile Solvates of Bis(tetraphenylphosphonium) Tetrachlorooxovanadate(IV), Hexachlorostannate(IV) and -Molybdate(IV), [P(C6H5)4]2[VOCl4] · 4CH3CN, [P(C6H5)4]2[MCl6]·4CH3CN (M = Sn, Mo)". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures. 219 (2): 101–105. doi:10.1524/ncrs.2004.219.2.101. S2CID 201122319.
  31. ^ a b Brignole, A. B.; Cotton, F. A.; Dori, Z. (1972). "Rhenium and Molybdenum Compounds Containing Quadruple Bonds". Inorg. Synth. 13: 81–89. doi:10.1002/9780470132449.ch15. ISBN 978-0-470-13244-9.
  32. ^ a b Cotton, F.A; Ucko, David A. (1972). "The Structure of Trimethylphenylammonium Nonachlorodirhodate(III) and a Survey of Metal-Metal Interactions in Confacial Bioctahedra". Inorganica Chimica Acta. 6: 161–172. doi:10.1016/S0020-1693(00)91778-X.
  33. ^ R. A. D. Wentworth, R. Saillant, R. B. Jackson, W. E. Streib, K. Folting (1971). "Crystal structures of Cs3Cr2Br9, Cs3Mo2Cl9, and Cs3Mo2Br9". Inorg. Chem. 10 (7): 1453–1457. doi:10.1021/ic50101a027.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ Beck, J.; Wolf, F. (1997). "Three New Polymorphic Forms of Molybdenum Pentachloride". Acta Crystallogr. B53 (6): 895–903. doi:10.1107/S0108768197008331. S2CID 95489209.
  35. ^ Hey, E.; Weller, F.; Dehnicke, K. (1984). "Synthese und Kristallstruktur von (PPh4)2[Mo2Cl10]". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 508: 86–92. doi:10.1002/zaac.19845080113.
  36. ^ Ahmed, Ejaz; Ruck, Michael (2011). "Chemistry of Polynuclear Transition-Metal Complexes in Ionic Liquids". Dalton Transactions. 40 (37): 9347–57. doi:10.1039/c1dt10829h. PMID 21743925.
  37. ^ Kei Inumaru, Takashi Kikudome, Hiroshi Fukuoka, Shoji Yamanaka (2008). "Reversible Emergence of a Self-Assembled Layered Structure From Three-Dimensional Isotropic Ionic Crystal of a Cluster Compound (4-HNC5H4OH)2Mo6Cl14 Driven By Absorption of Water and Alcohols". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 (31): 10038–10039. doi:10.1021/ja802752y. PMID 18613684.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ Baldas, J.; Bonnyman, J.; Samuels, D. L.; Williams, G. A. (1984). "Structure Studies of Technetium Complexes. VII. Structure of Tetraphenylarsonium Hexachlorotechnetate(IV), [As(C6H5)4]2[TcCl6]". Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications. 40 (8): 1343–1346. doi:10.1107/S0108270184007903.
  39. ^ Poineau, Frederic; Johnstone, Erik V.; Forster, Paul M.; Ma, Longzou; Sattelberger, Alfred P.; Czerwinski, Kenneth R. (2012). "Probing the Presence of Multiple Metal–Metal Bonds in Technetium Chlorides by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy: Implications for Synthetic Chemistry". Inorganic Chemistry. 51 (17): 9563–9570. doi:10.1021/ic3014859. PMID 22906536.
  40. ^ Sharutin, V. V.; Sharutina, O. K.; Senchurin, V. S.; Andreev, P. V. (2018). "Synthesis and Structure of Ruthenium Complexes [Ph
    3    PR    ]+2[RuCl
    6    ]2− (R = C
    2    H
    5    , CH=CHCH
    3    , CH
    2    CH    =CHCH
    3    , CH
    2    OCH
    3    ), and [Ph
    3    PCH
    2    CH     CHCH
    2    PPh
    3    ]2+2[Ru
    2    Cl
    10    O    ]4− · 4H2O". Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 63 (9): 1178–1185. doi:10.1134/S0036023618090188. S2CID 105746627.
  41. ^ I. A. Efimenko, T. A. Balakaeva, A. P. Kurbakova, A. S. Kanishcheva, A. V. Chuvaev, V. M. Stepanovich, Yu. N. Mikhailov (1992). Zh. Neorg. Khim. (Russ. J. Inorg. Chem.). 37: 1312. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  42. ^ Bino, Avi; Cotton, F. Albert (1980). "A Linear, Trinuclear, Mixed-Valence Chloro Complex of Ruthenium, [Ru3Cl12]4-". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 102 (2): 608–611. doi:10.1021/ja00522a027.
  43. ^ Frank, Walter; Reiß, Guido J.; Kleinwächter, Ingo (1996). "Spezielle Alkylammoniumhexachlorometallate. I. Kristallisationsverhalten und Kristallstruktur von Diethylentriammoniumhexachlororhodat, [H3N(CH2)2NH2(CH2)2NH3] [RhCl6]". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 622 (4): 729–733. doi:10.1002/zaac.19966220428.
  44. ^ Schwarz, Simon; Strähle, Joachim; Weisser, Ulrike (2002). "Synthese und Struktur der Komplexe [(n-Bu)4N]2[{(THF)Cl4Re≡N}2PdCl2], [Ph4P]2[(THF)Cl4Re≡N-Pd Cl(μ-Cl)]2 und [(n-Bu)4N]2[Pd3Cl8]". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 628 (11): 2495–2499. doi:10.1002/1521-3749(200211)628:11<2495::AID-ZAAC2495>3.0.CO;2-G.
  45. ^ Fábry, Jan; Dušek, Michal; Fejfarová, Karla; Krupková, Radmila; Vaněk, Přemysl; Němec, Ivan (2004). "Two Phases of Bis(tetraethylammonium) Di-μ-chloro-bis[dichloropalladium(II)]". Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications. 60 (9): m426–m430. doi:10.1107/S0108270104016725. PMID 15345822.
  46. ^ Dell'Amico, Daniela Belli; Calderazzo, Fausto; Marchetti, Fabio; Ramello, Stefano (1996). "Molecular Structure of[Pd6Cl12] in Single Crystals Chemically Grown at Room Temperature". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 35 (12): 1331–1333. doi:10.1002/anie.199613311.
  47. ^ Helgesson, Goeran; Jagner, Susan (1991). "Halogenoargentate(I) with unusual coordination geometries. Synthesis and Structure of Potassium-crypt Salts of Chloro-, Bromo- and Iodoargentates(I), Including the First Example of a Two-Coordinated Chloroargentate(I) in the Solid State". Inorganic Chemistry. 30 (11): 2574–2577. doi:10.1021/ic00011a024.
  48. ^ a b Hao, Pengfei; Guo, Chunyu; Shen, Junju; Fu, Yunlong (2019). "A Novel Photochromic Hybrid Containing Trinuclear [Cd3Cl12]6− Clusters and Protonated Tripyridyl-Triazines". Dalton Transactions. 48 (44): 16497–16501. doi:10.1039/C9DT03494C. PMID 31559400. S2CID 203568412.
  49. ^ Costin-Hogan, Christina E.; Chen, Chun-Long; Hughes, Emma; Pickett, Austin; Valencia, Richard; Rath, Nigam P.; Beatty, Alicia M. (2008). ""Reverse" engineering: Toward 0-D Cadmium Halide clusters". CrystEngComm. 10 (12): 1910. doi:10.1039/b812504j.
  50. ^ Chen, Chun-Long; Beatty, Alicia M. (2007). "From Crystal Engineering to Cluster Engineering: How to Transform Cadmium Chloride from 2-D to 0-D". Chemical Communications (1): 76–78. doi:10.1039/B613761J. PMID 17279266.
  51. ^ Neumüller, Bernhard; Dehnicke, Kurt (2004). "Die Kristallstrukturen von (Ph4P)2[HfCl6]2CH2Cl2 und (Ph4P)2[Hf2Cl10]CH2Cl2". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 630 (15): 2576–2578. doi:10.1002/zaac.200400370.
  52. ^ Dötterl, Matthias; Haas, Isabelle; Alt, Helmut G. (2011). "Solubility Behaviour of TiCl4, ZrCl4, and HfCl4 in Chloroaluminate Ionic Liquids". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 637 (11): 1502–1506. doi:10.1002/zaac.201100244.
  53. ^ Jacobson, Robert A.; Thaxton, Charles B. (1971). "Crystal structure of H2[Ta6Cl18].6H2O". Inorganic Chemistry. 10 (7): 1460–1463. doi:10.1021/ic50101a029.
  54. ^ J. C. Taylor; P. W. Wilson (1974). "The Structure of β-Tungsten Hexachloride by Powder Neutron and X-ray Diffraction". Acta Crystallographica. B30 (5): 1216–1220. doi:10.1107/S0567740874004572.
  55. ^ Lau, C.; Dietrich, A.; Plate, M.; Dierkes, P.; Neumüller, B.; Wocadlo, S.; Massa, W.; Harms, K.; Dehnicke, K. (2003). "Die Kristallstrukturen der Hexachlorometallate NH4[SbCl6], NH4[WCl6], [K(18-Krone-6)(CH2Cl2)]2[WCl6]·6CH2Cl2 und (PPh4)2[WCl6]·4CH3CN". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 629 (3): 473–478. doi:10.1002/zaac.200390078.
  56. ^ Eichler, W.; Seifert, H.-J. (1977). "Strukturelle und magnetische Untersuchungen an Hexachlorowolframaten(V)". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 431: 123–133. doi:10.1002/zaac.19774310112.
  57. ^ McCann, III, E. L.; Brown, T. M. (1972). Tungsten(V) Chloride. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. XIII. pp. 150–154. doi:10.1002/9780470132449.ch29.
  58. ^ Cotton, F. A.; Rice, C. E. (1978). "Tungsten Pentachloride". Acta Crystallogr. B34 (9): 2833–2834. doi:10.1107/S0567740878009322.
  59. ^ Cotton, F. Albert; Mott, Graham N.; Schrock, Richard R.; Sturgeoff, Lynda G. (1982). "Preparation and Characterization of a Compound Containing the Octachloroditungstate (Tungsten-Tungsten Quadruple Bond) Ion, [W2Cl8]4-". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 104 (24): 6781–6782. doi:10.1021/ja00388a050.
  60. ^ a b Cotton, F. Albert; Falvello, Larry R.; Mott, Graham N.; Schrock, Richard R.; Sturgeoff, Lynda G. (1983). "Structural Characterization of the Nonachloroditungsten(II, III) Ion". Inorganic Chemistry. 22 (18): 2621–2623. doi:10.1021/ic00160a031.
  61. ^ a b c Kolesnichenko, Vladimir; Luci, Jeffrey J.; Swenson, Dale C.; Messerle, Louis (1998). "W3(μ3-Cl)(μ-Cl)3Cl9n-(n= 2, 3), Discrete Monocapped Tritungsten Clusters Derived from a New Binary Tungsten Chloride, W3Cl10: Effect of Electron Count on Bonding in Isostructural Triangulo M3X13 Clusters1". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 120 (50): 13260–13261. doi:10.1021/ja9831958.
  62. ^ Kolesnichenko, Vladimir; Messerle, Louis (1998). "Facile Reduction of Tungsten Halides with Nonconventional, Mild Reductants. 2. Four Convenient, High-Yield Solid-State Syntheses of the Hexatungsten Dodecachloride Cluster W6Cl12 and Cluster Acid (H3O)2[W6(μ3-Cl)8Cl6](OH2)x, Including New Cation-Assisted Ternary Routes". Inorganic Chemistry. 37 (15): 3660–3663. doi:10.1021/ic980232n. PMID 11670462.
  63. ^ Arp, O.; Preetz, W. (1994). "Darstellung, Schwingungsspektren und Normalkoordinatenanalyse von Hexachlororhenat(V) sowie Kristallstruktur von [P(C6H5)4] [ReCl6]". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 620 (8): 1391–1396. doi:10.1002/zaac.19946200811.
  64. ^ Chau, C.-N.; Wardle, R. W. M.; Ibers, J. A. (1988). "Structure of Di[bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium] Hexachlororhenate(IV)". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 44 (4): 751–753. doi:10.1107/S0108270187011910.
  65. ^ a b Heath, Graham A.; McGrady, John E.; Raptis, Raphael G.; Willis, Anthony C. (1996). "Valence-Dependent Metal−Metal Bonding and Optical Spectra in Confacial Bioctahedral [Re2Cl9]z- (z= 1, 2, 3). Crystallographic and Computational Characterization of [Re2Cl9]−and [Re2Cl9]2-". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (23): 6838–6843. doi:10.1021/ic951604k. PMID 11666851.
  66. ^ a b Krebs, B.; Henkel, G.; Dartmann, M.; Preetz, W.; Bruns, M. (1984). "Reaktionen und Strukturen von [(C2H5)4N] [OsCl6] und [(n-C4H9)4N]2[Os2Cl10]". Z. Naturforsch. 39 (7): 843. doi:10.1515/znb-1984-0701. S2CID 95254820.
  67. ^ a b Kim, Eunice E.; Eriks, Klaas; Magnuson, Roy (1984). "Crystal Structures of the Tetraphenylphosphonium salts of Hexachloroosmate(V) and Hexachloroosmate(IV), [(C6H5)4P]OsCl6 and [(C6H5)4P]2OsCl6". Inorganic Chemistry. 23 (4): 393–397. doi:10.1021/ic00172a003.
  68. ^ Agaskar, Pradyot A.; Cotton, F. Albert.; Dunbar, Kim R.; Falvello, Larry R.; Tetrick, Stephen M.; Walton, Richard A. (1986). "The Multiply Bonded Octahalodiosmate(III) Anions. 2. Structure and Bonding". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 108 (16): 4850–4855. doi:10.1021/ja00276a024.
  69. ^ Rankin, DA; Penfold, BR; Fergusson, JE (1983). "The Chloro and Bromo Complexes of Iridium(III) and Iridium(IV). II. Structural Chemistry of IrIII Complexes". Australian Journal of Chemistry. 36 (5): 871. doi:10.1071/CH9830871.
  70. ^ Sanchis-Perucho, Adrián; Martínez-Lillo, José (2019). "Ferromagnetic Exchange Interaction in a New Ir(IV)–Cu(II) Chain Based on the Hexachloroiridate(IV) Anion". Dalton Transactions. 48 (37): 13925–13930. doi:10.1039/C9DT02884F. PMID 31411207. S2CID 199574461.
  71. ^ Yellowlees, L.; Elliot, M.; Parsons, S.; Messenger, D. "MASNEA". Cambridge Crystallographic Database CCDC 278284.
  72. ^ a b Belli Dell'Amico, Daniela; Calderazzo, Fausto; Marchetti, Fabio; Ramello, Stefano; Samaritani, Simona (2008). "Simple Preparations of Pd6Cl12, Pt6Cl12, and Qn[Pt2Cl8+n],n= 1, 2 (Q = TBA+, PPN+) and Structural Characterization of [TBA] [Pt2Cl9] and [PPN]2[Pt2Cl10]·C7H8". Inorganic Chemistry. 47 (3): 1237–1242. doi:10.1021/ic701932u. PMID 18166044.
  73. ^ von Schnering, Hans Georg; Chang, Jen-Hui; Peters, Karl; Peters, Eva-Maria; Wagner, Frank R.; Grin, Yuri; Thiele, Gerhard (2003). "Structure and Bonding of the Hexameric Platinum(II) Dichloride, Pt6Cl12 (β-PtCl2)". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 629 (3): 516–522. doi:10.1002/zaac.200390084.
  74. ^ Helgesson, Göran; Jagner, Susan; Vicentini, G.; Rodellas, C.; Niinistö, L. (1987). "Crystal Structures of Tetraethylammonium Dichloroaurate(I) and Tetraethylammonium Diiodoaurate(I)". Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 41a: 556–561. doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.41a-0556.
  75. ^ Dell'Amico, Daniela Belli; Calderazzo, Fausto; Marchetti, Fabio; Merlino, Stefano; Perego, Giovanni (1977). "X-Ray crystal and molecular structure of Au4Cl8, the product of the reduction of Au2Cl6 by Au(CO)Cl". Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications (1): 31. doi:10.1039/C39770000031.
  76. ^ Buckley, Robbie W.; Healy, Peter C.; Loughlin, Wendy A. (1997). "Reduction of [NBu4] [AuCl4] to [NBu4] [AuCl2] with Sodium Acetylacetonate". Australian Journal of Chemistry. 50 (7): 775. doi:10.1071/C97029.
  77. ^ Goggin, Peter L.; King, Paul; McEwan, David M.; Taylor, Graham E.; Woodward, Peter; Sandström, Magnus (1982). "Vibrational Spectroscopic Studies of Tetra-n-butylammonium Trihalogenomercurates; Crystal Structures of [NBun4](HgCl3) and [NBun4(HgI3)". Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions (5): 875–882. doi:10.1039/dt9820000875.
  78. ^ Waizumi, K.; Masuda, H.; Ohtaki, H. (1992). "X-ray Structural Studies of FeBr2 · 4 H2O, CoBr2 · 4 H2O, NiCl2 · 4 H2O, and CuBr2 · 4 H2O. cis/trans Selectivity in Transition Metal(II) dihalide Tetrahydrate". Inorganica Chimica Acta. 192: 173–181. doi:10.1016/S0020-1693(00)80756-2.
  79. ^ Morosin, B. (1967). "An X-ray Diffraction Study on Nickel(II) Chloride Dihydrate". Acta Crystallographica. 23 (4): 630–634. doi:10.1107/S0365110X67003305.
  80. ^ a b Donovan, William F.; Smith, Peter W. (1975). "Crystal and Molecular Structures of Aquahalogenovanadium(III) Complexes. Part I. X-Ray Crystal Structure of trans-Tetrakisaquadibromo-Vanadium(III) Bromide Dihydrate and the Isomorphous Chloro- Compound". Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions (10): 894. doi:10.1039/DT9750000894.
  81. ^ Andress, K.R.; Carpenter, C. "Kristallhydrate. II.Die Struktur von Chromchlorid- und Aluminiumchloridhexahydrat" Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Kristallgeometrie, Kristallphysik, Kristallchemie 1934, volume 87, p446-p463.
  82. ^ Zalkin, Allan; Forrester, J. D.; Templeton, David H. (1964). "Crystal structure of manganese dichloride tetrahydrate". Inorganic Chemistry. 3 (4): 529–33. doi:10.1021/ic50014a017.
  83. ^ Lind, M. D. (1967). "Crystal Structure of Ferric Chloride Hexahydrate". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 47 (3): 990–993. Bibcode:1967JChPh..47..990L. doi:10.1063/1.1712067.
  84. ^ Simon A. Cotton (2018). "Iron(III) chloride and its coordination chemistry". Journal of Coordination Chemistry. 71 (21): 3415–3443. doi:10.1080/00958972.2018.1519188. S2CID 105925459.

Read other articles:

Pecan Hill, Texas

City in Texas, United StatesPecan Hill, TexasCityLocation of Pecan Hill, TexasCoordinates: 32°29′7″N 96°46′59″W / 32.48528°N 96.78306°W / 32.48528; -96.78306CountryUnited StatesStateTexasCountyEllisArea[1] • Total2.13 sq mi (5.51 km2) • Land2.13 sq mi (5.51 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation541 ft (165 m)Population (2010) • Total626 …

Fiat 503

This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Fiat 503 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2019)Motor vehicle Fiat 503Fiat 503 Torpedo 1927OverviewManufacturerFiatProduction1926–1927Body and chassisClassSmall family car (C)Body style4-door sedan4-door cabrioletLayoutFR layo…

Lexington Avenue/59th Street station

New York City Subway station in Manhattan New York City Subway station in Manhattan, New York Lexington Avenue/59 Street ​​​​​ New York City Subway station complexStreet stair by southeast corner of 59th Street and Lexington Avenue (the Q train served this station between 2010 and 2016, when the W did not run)Station statisticsAddressEast 59th Street & Lexington AvenueNew York, NYBoroughManhattanLocaleMidtown Manhattan, Upper East SideCoordinates40°45…

Chris Brunt

Chris Brunt Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Christopher BruntTanggal lahir 14 Desember 1984 (umur 39)Tempat lahir Belfast, Irlandia UtaraTinggi 1,85 m (6 ft 1 in)[1]Posisi bermain Gelandang SayapInformasi klubKlub saat ini West Bromwich AlbionNomor 11Karier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2002–2004 Middlesbrough 0 (0)2004 → Sheffield Wednesday (pinjaman) 6 (2)2004–2007 Sheffield Wednesday 137 (22)2007– West Bromwich Albion 168 (31)Tim nasional‡2002–2003 Irlandi…

Climate change in the Netherlands

Emissions, impacts and responses of the Netherlands related to climate change Sea level rise is measured by Copernicus satellites The Netherlands is already affected by climate change. The average temperature in the Netherlands rose by more than 2 °C from 1901 to 2020.[1] Climate change has resulted in increased frequency of droughts and heatwaves. Because significant portions of the Netherlands have been reclaimed from the sea or otherwise are very near sea level, the Netherlands …

NGC 717

Galaxy in constellation Andromeda NGC 717Pan-STARRS image of NGC 717Observation data (J2000 epoch)ConstellationAndromedaRight ascension01h 53m 55.1s[1]Declination36° 13′ 46″[1]Redshift0.016571[1]Heliocentric radial velocity4968 km/s[1]Distance210 Mly (64.4 Mpc)[1]Group or clusterAbell 262Apparent magnitude (V)14.86[1]CharacteristicsTypeS0/a[1]Size~99,000 ly (30.4 kpc) (estimated)[1]…

Selasal Castle

Complex irrigation system from the Sassanid era, island city Shushtar, Iran You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Persian. (January 2021) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Persian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rath…

Georges Bataille

«Non posso considerare libero un essere che dentro di sé non nutra il desiderio di sciogliere i legami del linguaggio.» (Georges Bataille[1]) Georges Bataille Georges Albert Maurice Victor Bataille[2] (Billom, 10 settembre 1897 – Parigi, 9 luglio 1962) è stato uno scrittore, antropologo e filosofo francese. Firma di Georges Bataille Bataille fu contraddistinto da un'interdisciplinarità originata da un interesse rivolto verso molti campi della conoscenza (la letteratura, l'…

Hunter Tootoo

Canadian politician This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2019) The HonourableHunter Tootoo Hᐊᓐᑕ ᑐᑐPCMinister of Fisheries, Oceans and the Canadian Coast GuardIn officeNovember 4, 2015 – May 31, 2016Prime MinisterJustin TrudeauPreceded byGail SheaSucceeded byDominic LeBlancMember of Parliamentfor NunavutIn officeOctober 19, 2015 – September 11, 2019Preceded byLeona Aglu…

Державний комітет телебачення і радіомовлення України

Державний комітет телебачення і радіомовлення України (Держкомтелерадіо) Приміщення комітетуЗагальна інформаціяКраїна  УкраїнаДата створення 2003Керівне відомство Кабінет Міністрів УкраїниРічний бюджет 1 964 898 500 ₴[1]Голова Олег НаливайкоПідвідомчі орг…

Bobby Cannavale

Bobby Cannavale nel 2009 Robert Michael Cannavale, detto Bobby (Union City, 3 maggio 1970), è un attore statunitense, vincitore di due Emmy Award. Indice 1 Biografia 1.1 Vita privata 2 Filmografia 2.1 Attore 2.1.1 Cinema 2.1.2 Televisione 2.2 Doppiatore 3 Teatro (parziale) 4 Premi 5 Doppiatori italiani 6 Note 7 Altri progetti 8 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Nato a Union City, New Jersey, figlio di Isabel Salvi e Salvatore Cannavale detto Sal. Sua madre è cubana, emigrata negli Stati Uniti neg…

中華民國國軍中的中共間諜列表

 本表是動態列表，或許永遠不會完結。歡迎您參考可靠來源來查漏補缺。 潛伏於中華民國國軍中的中共間諜列表收錄根據公開資料來源，曾潛伏於中華民國國軍、被中國共產黨聲稱或承認，或者遭中華民國政府調查審判，為中華人民共和國和中國人民解放軍進行間諜行為的人物。以下列表以現今可查知時間為準，正確的間諜活動或洩漏機密時間可能早於或晚於以下所歸類…

Skirt, Hirari

Skirt, HirariSingel oleh AKB48dari album Set List: Greatest Songs 2006–2007Sisi-BAozora no soba ni iteDirilis7 Juni 2006 (2006-06-07) (Indies)FormatCD SingelGenrePopDurasi18:19LabelAKSPenciptaYasushi Akimoto, Mio Okada, Yuichi YaegakiProduserYasushi Akimoto Skirt, Hirari (スカート、ひらりcode: ja is deprecated ) adalah singel kedua grup idola Jepang AKB48 yang dirilis secara independen oleh AKS, 7 Juni 2006.[1] Lagu ini dinyanyikan oleh 7 anggota dari Tim A AKB48, Tomomi I…

Sando (official)

Sando三多Sando in 1925Amban of Outer MongoliaIn office1909–1911MonarchXuantong Emperor Personal detailsBorn1876Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Qing ChinaDied1941 (aged 64–65)OccupationQing Civil ServantMilitary serviceAllegiance Qing dynasty Sando (alternately Sanduo, San To, Sadowo; Chinese: 三多; pinyin: Sānduō; Mongolian: Сандо; 1876–1941), courtesy name Liuqiao (Chinese: 六橋), was an official of the Qing dynasty and later the Republic of China who most served as the …

Изобразительное искусство Башкортостана

Изобразительное искусство Башкортостана — статья об изобразительном искусстве Республики Башкортостана — живописи, графики, скульптуры и декоративно-прикладного искусства. Живопись Башкортостана может по праву претендовать на особое место в искусстве: она намно…

Jimmy Bowen

American singer-songwriter For the rugby union player, see Jimmy Bowen (rugby union). Jimmy BowenTrading card photo of Bowen in 1957; his last name is misspelled on the card.Background informationBirth nameJames Albert BowenBorn (1937-11-30) November 30, 1937 (age 86)Santa Rita, New Mexico, U.S.Genres Rockabilly[1] pop[1] Occupation(s)Record producer, singer, bassistYears activeEarly 1960s–presentMusical artist James Albert Bowen (born November 30, 1937)[2] is an A…

Promozione Venezia Tridentina 1952-1953

Voce principale: Promozione 1952-1953. Promozione Venezia Tridentina 1952-1953 Competizione Promozione Sport Calcio Edizione 1ª Organizzatore FIGCLega Regionale Venezia Tridentina Luogo  Italia Partecipanti 11 Formula 1 girone all'italiana Cronologia della competizione 1951-1952 1953-1954 Manuale La Promozione fu il massimo campionato regionale di calcio disputato in Trentino-Alto Adige nella stagione 1952-1953. La nuova massima categoria regionale presentava caratteristiche innovative, da…

Abbey Road Studios

Recording studio in London, England EMI Studios redirects here. For the film studios, see EMI-Elstree Studios. Abbey Road StudiosAbbey Road Studios in December 2005FormerlyEMI Recording StudiosCompany typeRecording studioIndustryMusicFoundedNovember 12, 1931; 92 years ago (1931-11-12)[1]FounderGramophone CompanyHeadquartersSt John's Wood, City of Westminster, London, EnglandParentUniversal Music Group (UMG)Websiteabbeyroad.com Abbey Road StudiosBuilt1829; 195…

Bellator 280

Bellator mixed martial arts event in 2022 Bellator 280: Bader vs. Kongo 2The poster for Bellator 280: Bader vs. Kongo 2InformationPromotionBellator MMADateMay 6, 2022 (2022-May-06)VenueAccorHotels ArenaCityParis, FranceEvent chronology Bellator 279: Cyborg vs. Blencowe 2 Bellator 280: Bader vs. Kongo 2 Bellator 281: MVP vs. Storley Bellator 280: Bader vs. Kongo 2 was a mixed martial arts event produced by Bellator MMA that took place on May 6, 2022, at AccorHotels Arena in Paris, …

Olivola

Olivola komune di Italia Tempat Negara berdaulatItaliaDaerah di ItaliaPiemonteProvinsi di ItaliaProvinsi Alessandria NegaraItalia PendudukTotal112  (2023 )GeografiLuas wilayah2,69 km² [convert: unit tak dikenal]Ketinggian280 m Berbatasan denganFrassinello Monferrato Ottiglio Vignale Monferrato Casorzo SejarahSanto pelindungSimon Petrus Informasi tambahanKode pos15030 Zona waktuUTC+1 UTC+2 Kode telepon0142 ID ISTAT006118 Kode kadaster ItaliaG042 Lain-lainSitus webLaman resmi Olivola ad…

ISO 3166-2:MV
Cinderella Swings It
Rie Yamaki
Mechanical organ
Yuya Onoe
/profillengkap.com/index.php/article/2011–12 Birmingham City F.C. season
/profillengkap.com/index.php/article/2016 Thai League Cup
Gabon coucal
Nukman Moeloek
Dnsmasq
Battles and operations of the Indian National Army
Francesco Salvolini
Ahmad Zuhdiannoor
Katedral La Vega
Banjar Sari, Sampanahan, Kotabaru
Asyinas
Acalolepta sikkimensis
Scott Wilson (actor)
Aliivibrio
Bára Basiková
Hayrünnisa Gül
Bangun Jaya, Pamona Selatan, Poso
Daftar Duta Besar Amerika Serikat untuk Republik Demokratik Kongo
China Global Television Network
Terbaik dari Langit (film)
2021 Hougang United FC season
1974 John Player League
2015 European Curling Championships – Women's tournament
Bahamas–United States relations
Heike Rusch
Madika, Simpang Tiga, Pidie
Aksara Cree
Under the Feet of Jesus (novel)
Wiener filter
FC Sibir-2 Novosibirsk
Jungle Raiders (film 1985)
Lao Central Airlines
University of Edinburgh Medical School
Ganden Phodrang
Dixième circonscription des Yvelines
El Hormiguero
العلاقات الإماراتية الجنوب إفريقية
العلاقات البولندية الرواندية
Nagashima, Kagoshima
The Amazing Impostor
Etty Sunarti Nuay
Glenea tatsienlui
Yunus Paffhausen
Пол Атрейдес
العلاقات الروسية الكويتية
ملف:غلاف رواية دروز بلغراد.jpg
Ability (manhwa)
Boneh-ye Zangar
Care Inspectorate (Scotland)
Castaways (casino)
Luxembourg women's national volleyball team
BBC Radio 2
Ames High School
Mister Indonesia
Pelestarian lingkungan hidup
JoAnne Robbins
Pig bladder
1958 Morecambe and Lonsdale by-election
Новгородская губерния
Puhkerep, Rejoso, Nganjuk
The Legend of the Gambler: Tetsuya
مسجد القبلتين
Ayub 18
list of spacecraft manufacturers
Mohammad Hossain Mondol
1855 Virginia gubernatorial election
2005 Durham mayoral election
Liga Utama Inggris 1993–1994
Lunar IceCube
CNN-News18
Tino Carraro
Chad Kultgen
Robert Benton
Taman Nasional Gua Carlsbad
Fencing at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's épée
Margrethe Munthe
Physical schema
Culture Clash (performance troupe)
Ernst Kühl
Kup na Makedonija 2011-2012
Hillel Yaffe Medical Center
Microsoft Lync
Son of Fury: The Story of Benjamin Blake
Sikur, Lombok Timur
Jama Masjid, Mandu
Rhodelphis
Onesilus
Situationist International
EA-3167
Labrador Retriever
Farley Granger
Template talk:Television in Malaysia
Financial Crimes Enforcement Network
St Mary's Church, Stoke-by-Nayland
Mesin AR Toyota
My Daughter, Geum Sa-wol
Fortune, Newfoundland and Labrador
NWS (TV station)
Irrigation statistics
/kampuspedia.com/index.php/UN/LOCODE
Harry Hill
Peugeot 406
Bibliography of the post-Stalinist Soviet Union
Emmanuel Gigliotti
BBC Hereford & Worcester
Michael Cooper (politician)
Crown Heights–Utica Avenue station
Graphitizing and non-graphitizing carbons
Gerald Massey
King Edward Park, Edmonton
Steinsel
Wingecarribee Shire
Fives
Gauche régressive
Sarah Jones (screen actress)
The Independent Advertiser
Portuguese transition to democracy
Amorphous carbon
Badaun Lok Sabha constituency
Eugène, 8th Prince of Ligne
Regulus Therapeutics
Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
Chuck McCann
Drugs and Organised Crime Bureau
1977 en sports équestres
Stefano Sottile
Tennis ai Giochi della XXXII Olimpiade - Doppio maschile
Koridor CANAMEX
Salah Bodi
Tigerair Mandala
فرنسيس مراش
2016 World Wheelchair Curling Championship
Jar City (film)
Hartley Booth
Prabakaran Parameswaran
سلطنة سيؤون
Bhanupratappur Assembly constituency
Châtelaine
Démence
December 17
Tennis at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Demonstration men's doubles
Quarry Bay Park
Furch Guitars
Board of Deputies of British Jews
Norwood News
Murder of Pamela Mastropietro
Nulles
Customs Agent
IBM 650
Willy Wonka e la fabbrica di cioccolato
Errand of Mercy
Salesman (film 1969)
Eraring Power Station
Harriet Monsell
/kampuspedia.com/index.php/Sukorejo, Musuk, Boyolali
1996–97 Standard Bank International One-Day Series
Triple M Central West
علاقات الجبل الأسود الخارجية
Extremadura Open
Dewangga (warna)
Список звёзд созвездия Золотой Рыбы
Neodiplocampta sepia
Heyne Verlag
Lixy Rodríguez
Converse accident
Friedrich-Engelhorn-Hochhaus
Kallstadt
List of neighborhoods in Oakland, California
Bantam Spectra
Casey Kotchman
Malator
Brighton Cougars
Postal museum, Colombo
Mönch
2017 Los Cabos Open – Singles
Anthony James de Rothschild
Rahmatullah Mir Qasmi
Geordie (film)
Masada
Al Wasl, Dubai
Intestinal lymph trunk
Balatonakarattya
Česká Rybná
Kunoichi (TV series)
Template talk:2012 AFC East standings
Grassroot Diplomat
Fiasco (TV series)
K. Ravindran
Brotherhood of Asian Trade Unions
Bibi Ayesha
American Girl (film 2002)
The Line (development)
Ogunquit Museum of American Art
Template talk:Nandi Award for Best Character Actor
2023 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
Exchequer of Chester
薩摩藩
Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia
John Frank Stevens
Battle of Qurah and Umm al Maradim
Tyburn
Writ
Rayleigh (unit)
Dover Publications
Visa policy of South Ossetia
LG Cyon
The Test Dream
TCL (GTPase)
Prem
Lark Wood
Clayton Jacobson II
Gender issues in the American Civil War
Postage stamps and postal history of Boyacá
Same-sex marriage in France
Japanese raiders in the Indian Ocean
Clair Bee
East Troublesome Fire
1872 United States presidential election in Maryland
Edgar Diddle
Rahul Ramakrishna
Steven Universe: Attack the Light
Church of the Annunciation (New York City)
العلاقات التونسية السعودية
التسلسل الهرمي للكنيسة الكاثوليكية
Philippines men's national water polo team
New religious movements in the Pacific Northwest
Queen Seondeok (seri televisi)
إرفين ويلهلم مولر
كلية الزراعة (الجامعة الأردنية)
Arosæte
Colonel March Investigates
Victoria Barracks, Sydney
/kampuspedia.com/index.php/Majlis (surat kabar)
STS-58
فرانتس الثاني (إمبراطور روماني مقدس)
جارديل (لاعب كرة قدم)
فاكوندو مورا
Şeref Eroğlu
Oblation (statue)
Cholesterol
2019 Rugby Championship
Roberts' lechwe
Battle of Marion
مونت غامبير
David Goldsmith (footballer)