Spectral G-index

For the author-level metric, see g-index.

The spectral G-Index is a variable that was developed to quantify the amount of short wavelength light in a visible light source relative to its visible emission (it is a measure of the amount of blue light per lumen). The smaller the G-index, the more blue, violet, or ultraviolet light a lamp emits relative to its total output. It is used in order to select outdoor lamps that minimize skyglow and ecological light pollution. The G-index was originally proposed by David Galadí Enríquez, an astrophysicist at Calar Alto Observatory.[1]^[dead link‍][2]

Definition

Lamps with very different color temperatures will usually also have different G-indexes. Lamps with higher color temperatures have more blue light, and will therefore usually have lower G-index.

The G-index is grounded in the system of astronomical photometry, and is defined as follows:[1]^[dead link‍]

${\displaystyle G=-2.5\mathrm {log} _{10}{\frac {\sum \limits _{\lambda =380\mathrm {nm} }^{500\mathrm {nm} }E(\lambda )}{\sum \limits _{\lambda =380\mathrm {nm} }^{780\mathrm {nm} }E(\lambda )V(\lambda )}}}$

where

• G is the spectral G-index;
• λ is the wavelength in nanometers;
• E is the spectral power distribution of the lamp;
• V(λ) is the luminosity function

The sums are to be taken using a step size of 1 nm.[1]^[dead link‍] For lamps with absolutely no emissions below 500 nm (e.g. Low Pressure Sodium or PC Amber LED), the G-index would in principle be undefined. In practice, such lamps would be reported as having G greater than some value, due to the limits of measurement precision. The Regional Government of Andalusia has developed a spreadsheet[3]^[dead link] to allow calculation of the G-index for any lamp for which the spectral power distribution is known, and it can also be calculated in the "Astrocalc" software[4] or the f.luxometer web app.[5]

The G-index does not directly measure light pollution, but rather says something about the color of light coming from a lamp. For example, since the equation defining G-index is normalised to total flux, if twice as many lamps are used, the G-index would not change; it is a measure of fractional light, not total light. Similarly, the definition of G-index does not include the direction in which light shines, so it is not directly related to skyglow, which depends strongly on direction.[6]

Rationale

The ongoing global switch from (mainly) orange high pressure sodium lamps for street lighting to (mainly) white LEDs has resulted in a shift towards broad spectrum light, with greater short wavelength (blue) emissions.[7] This switch is problematic from the perspective of increased astronomical and ecological light pollution. Short wavelength light is more likely to scatter in the atmosphere, and therefore produces more artificial skyglow than an equivalent amount of longer wavelength light.[6][8][9] Additionally, both broad spectrum (white) light and short wavelength light tend to have greater overall ecological impacts than narrow band and long wavelength visible light.[10][11] For this reason, lighting guidelines, recommendations, norms, and legislation frequently place limits on blue light emissions. For example, the "fixture seal of approval" program of the International Dark-Sky Association limits lights to have a correlated color temperature (CCT) below 3000 K, while the national French light pollution law restricts CCT to maximum 3000 K in most areas, and 2400 K or 2700 K in protected areas such as nature reserves.[12][13]

The problem with these approaches is that CCT is not perfectly correlated with blue light emissions. Lamps with identical CCT can have quite different fractional blue light emissions.[2][14] This is because CCT is based upon comparison to a blackbody light source, which is a poor approximation for LEDs and vapor discharge lamps such as high pressure sodium.[15] The G-index was therefore developed for use in decision making for the purchase of outdoor lamps and in lighting regulations as an improved alternative to the CCT metric.[14]

Use

In 2019, the European Commission's Joint Research Centre incorporated the G-index into their guidelines for the Green Public Procurement of road lighting. Specifically, in areas needing protection for astronomical or ecological reasons, they recommend the use of the G-index instead of CCT in making lighting decisions, because the G-index more accurately quantifies the amount of blue light.[14] In their "core criteria", they recommend that "in parks, gardens and areas considered by the procurer to be ecologically sensitive, the G-index shall be ≥1.5". In the case that G-index could for some reason not be calculated, they suggest that CCT≤3000 K is likely to satisfy this criterion. In the stricter "comprehensive criteria", they recommend that parks and ecologically sensitive areas or areas at specified distances from optical astronomy observatories have a G-index greater than or equal to 2.0. Again, in this case if calculating the G-index is not possible, CCT≤2700 K is suggested.[14]

The G-index is planned to be used by the Regional Government of Andalusia, specifically for the purpose of protecting the night sky. Depending on the "environmental zone", the regulation requires lighting to have a G value above 2, 1.5, or 1. In areas where astronomical activities are ongoing, it is expected that only monochromatic or quasi-monochromatic lamps will be used, with G>3.5 and in principle only emissions in the interval 585-605 nm.[1]^[dead link‍]

Questionable Use Warning

The G-index has not been evaluated or adopted by a standards development organization (SDO), such as the CIE. Generally, for a specification to be used in a regulation or tender, it must go through the rigorous process of evaluation and adoption by an SDO. It is thus questionable for the EC Joint Research Center and the Andalusian Regional Government (and others) to suggest or prescribe mandatory requirements based on the G-index.

A measure focused solely on reducing blue light will not provide ecological protection. Because the intensity of light plays a role as strong or stronger than spectrum, putting the light in the right places (on road surfaces and sidewalks) and avoiding spillage into ecological regions is likely to be more effective than manipulating the spectrum of the light. Spectrum does play a role, but in order to prevent disturbance to sensitive animals, changes must be made to the spectrum which cannot be described by the G-index. Those changes are also species dependent. A specific (red-dominant) spectrum has been proven to be as good as darkness for many (but not all) light sensitive insect and bat species.[16][17][18] An amber spectrum is proven to be less eco-friendly than a red spectrum for some species, although both have negligible blue content and ‘favorable’ G index. Therefore the use of spectral G-index is overly simplistic and may do more harm than good. The use of the G-index is therefore strongly discouraged for use in lighting specifications or regulations.

References

1. Junte de Andalucia (2018). Índice espectral G (PDF) (Technical report). Retrieved 12 February 2019.
2. Galadí-Enríquez, D. (February 2018). "Beyond CCT: The spectral index system as a tool for the objective, quantitative characterization of lamps". Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 206: 399–408. arXiv:1712.06825. Bibcode:2018JQSRT.206..399G. doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2017.12.011. S2CID 73564862.
3. "Índice espectral G". www.juntadeandalucia.es (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2019-04-01.
4. "LICA AstroCalc - Comparador de filtros y cámaras". carlostapia.es. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
5. "f.luxometer". Retrieved 2019-04-29.
6. Aube, M. [in French] (16 March 2015). "Physical behaviour of anthropogenic light propagation into the nocturnal environment". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 370 (1667): 20140117. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0117. PMC 4375359. PMID 25780231.
7. Davies, Thomas W.; Smyth, Tim (10 November 2017). "Why artificial light at night should be a focus for global change research in the 21st century". Global Change Biology. 24 (3): 872–882. doi:10.1111/gcb.13927. PMID 29124824.
8. Kinzey, Bruce; Perrin, Tess; Miller, Naomi; Kocifaj, Miroslav; Aubé, Martin; Solano Lamphar, Héctor (2017). An Investigation of LED Street Lighting's Impact on Sky Glow (Technical report). Pacific Northwest National Lab. PNNL-26411. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
9. Luginbuhl, Christian B.; Boley, Paul A.; Davis, Donald R. (May 2014). "The impact of light source spectral power distribution on sky glow". Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 139: 21–26. Bibcode:2014JQSRT.139...21L. doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2013.12.004.
10. Longcore, Travis; Rich, Catherine; DelBusso, Leigha (2016). Artificial Night Lighting and Protected Lands / Ecological Effects and Management Approaches (Technical report). NPS/NRSS/NSNS/NRR--2016/1213. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
11. Longcore, Travis; Rodríguez, Airam; Witherington, Blair; Penniman, Jay F.; Herf, Lorna; Herf, Michael (October 2018). "Rapid assessment of lamp spectrum to quantify ecological effects of light at night". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A. 329 (8–9): 511–521. Bibcode:2018JEZA..329..511L. doi:10.1002/jez.2184. hdl:10261/177341. PMID 29894022. S2CID 48364989.
12. "Fixture Seal of Approval". International Dark-Sky Association. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
13. "Arrêté du 27 décembre 2018 relatif à la prévention, à la réduction et à la limitation des nuisances lumineuses | Legifrance". www.legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
14. Donatello, Shane; Rodríguez Quintero, Rocío; Gama Caldas, Miguel; Wolf, Oliver; Van Tichelen, Paul; Van Hoof, Veronique; Geerken, Theo (2019). Revision of the EU Green Public Procurement Criteria for Road Lighting and traffic signals (PDF) (Technical report). Joint Research Centre. EUR 29631 EN. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
15. Aubé, Martin; Roby, Johanne; Kocifaj, Miroslav; Yamazaki, Shin (5 July 2013). "Evaluating Potential Spectral Impacts of Various Artificial Lights on Melatonin Suppression, Photosynthesis, and Star Visibility". PLOS ONE. 8 (7): e67798. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...867798A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067798. PMC 3702543. PMID 23861808.
16. Spoelstra, K; van Grunsven, RHA; Ramakers, JJC; Ferguson, KB; Raap, T; Donners, M, Veenendaal, EM and ME Visser (31 May 2017). "Response of bats to light with different spectra: light-shy and agile bat presence is affected by white and green, but not red light". Proc. R. Soc. B. 284 (1855). doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.0075. PMC 5454258. PMID 28566484.
17. Donners, M; van Grunsven, RHA; Groenendijk, D; van Langevelde, F; Bikker JW; Longcore, T; and E Veenendaal (26 June 2018). "Colors of attraction: Modeling insect flight to light behavior". J Exp Zool A. 329 (8–9): 434–440. Bibcode:2018JEZA..329..434D. doi:10.1002/jez.2188. PMID 29944198. S2CID 49421077.
18. Straka, TM; Greif, S; Schultz, S; Goerlitz, HR; and CC Voigt (2020). "The effect of cave illumination on bats". Global Ecology and Conservation. 21: e00808. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00808. S2CID 210303101.

External links

• More information, including a spreadsheet for calculating G-index, Regional Government of Andalusia (note: Spanish language page; English language handbook on index G, and LibreOffice spreadsheet in English for index computation, are linked from the lower part of the page.)
• Information on Green Public Procurement of Street Lighting in the EU, Joint Research Centre
• f.luxometer web tool, Online calculator for g-index and other indexes
• Astrocalc software, Carlos Tapia Ayuga (note: Spanish language page, English instructions at bottom)