Songhees

PeopleLək̓ʷəŋən
LanguageLək̓ʷəŋín̓əŋ
CountryLək̓ʷəŋən Tung’exʷ[1]
Songhees traditional territory

The Lekwungen or Lekungen nation (natively lək̓ʷəŋən, often called the Songhees or Songish by non-Lekwungens) are an Indigenous North American Coast Salish people who reside on southeastern Vancouver Island, British Columbia in the Greater Victoria area. Their government is Songhees First Nation, a member of the Te'mexw Treaty Association and the Naut'sa Mawt Tribal Council. Their traditional language is Lekwungen, a dialect of the North Straits Salish language.

Pre-colonization

Old Songhees village on Victoria Harbour (c. 1880s)
Painting of a Songhees woman weaving a blanket, (1849-1856)

There is evidence of a fortified village existing at Finlayson Point in Beacon Hill Park before the arrival of Europeans in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Before European contact much of the government was through a clan system, with twelve clans which each had its own fishing and hunting territory. Chiefship was hereditary in the male line and there were three castes - nobles, commons, and slaves. Like other north-west coast tribes they practiced potlatch and ceremonial gift distribution. The dead were buried in canoes or boxes upon the surface of the ground, or laid away in trees. Mentioning the names of a dead person was taboo. The Coast Salish traditionally lived in bighouses, large rectangular communal houses of cedar planks, adorned with carved and jointed totem posts.[2]

Man wearing straw hat and blanket
1800s picture of Songhees male in traditional hat

Sitchanalth

Sitchanalth - Photograph of Plaque on side of Willows Beach Tea Room

A major Coast Salish seaport community called Sitchanalth was located in the area now known as Willows Beach in Oak Bay, British Columbia. It is estimated that the village's peak population was around 10,000 people.[3]

Sitchanalth was destroyed by a tsunami[3] related to a major earthquake along the Devils Mountain Fault that occurred around 930 A.D.[4] The death toll from the earthquake and resulting tsunami have been described as "catastrophic"[3] with a small group of survivors relocating from Willows Beach to what is now the Inner Harbour area of Victoria, British Columbia.[3]

A cairn at Willows Beach marks the spot where the ancient settlement once stood.[5]

Cuisine and medicine

The Songhees' traditional foods included salmon, shellfish, whale, deer, duck, berries, camas root, and herbs.[6]

Colonization

The Songhees population was estimated to be 8,500 in 1859, but by 1914 the population had decreased to less than 200.[7]

At the time of the establishment of Fort Victoria by the British in 1843, a Songhees village was situated adjacent to the fort. The village was subsequently moved across Victoria Harbour in what is now the Victoria West neighbourhood. The village was subsequently moved and a reserve established adjacent to what is now the municipality of View Royal. A traditional blessing in Lekwungen appears on a mural on the Ogden Point breakwater.[8]

During the 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, which killed about two-thirds of all native people in British Columbia, the Songhees were largely spared due to smallpox vaccines given by Hudson's Bay Company physician Dr. John Helmcken, as well as Songhees self-quarantining themselves on Discovery Island. Due to these things the Songhees survived the epidemic with few deaths.[9][10]

Douglas Treaties

Further information: Douglas Treaties

The Songhees were one of the few First Nations in BC to have a treaty with the British. Sir James Douglas, governor of the Vancouver Island colony, negotiated a treaty with the Songhees in 1850. Much of the traditional territory of the Songhees now forms the core of the urbanized area of Victoria and surrounding municipalities. The development of British Columbia's capital city caused considerable disruption to the Songhees' traditional economy and livelihood.

Recently the Songhees considered that the government of British Columbia had failed to honour the 1850 treaty and commenced a legal action against the province and the Government of Canada for redress. A settlement of the action was announced in November 2006 by Songhees Chief Robert Sam, the federal Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Jim Prentice, and the provincial Minister of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, Mike de Jong.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Lkwungen Greeting and Welcome" (PDF). Greater Victoria School District. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  2. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Songish Indians" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  3. ^ a b c d Smith, W.E. (May 2017). "The Destruction of Sitchanalth by the Devil Mountain Tsunami of 930AD". Cattle Point Foundation. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  4. ^ Doughton, Sandi (July 11, 2012). "Ancient quake and tsunami in Puget Sound shake researchers". Seattle Times. Seattle Washington. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  5. ^ Van Reeuwyk, Christine (December 18, 2014). "Oak Bay maps First Nations monuments". Oak Bay News. Oak Bay, British Columbia. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  6. ^ Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 73
  7. ^ British Columbia from the earliest times to the present. Vol. 1, Charles Hill-Tout chapter The Native Races of British Columbia, in E.O.S. Scholefield & F.W. Howay, publ. S.J. Clarke, Vancouver, 1914, p.577
  8. ^ Patterson, Travis (2011-06-01). "Traditional language comes alive on breakwater". Victoria News. Retrieved 2013-06-02.
  9. ^ Lange, Greg. "Smallpox Epidemic of 1862 among Northwest Coast and Puget Sound Indians". HistoryLink. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  10. ^ Boyd, Robert; Boyd, Robert Thomas (1999). "A final disaster: the 1862 smallpox epidemic in coastal British Columbia". The Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence: Introduced Infectious Diseases and Population Decline Among Northwest Coast Indians, 1774–1874. University of British Columbia Press. pp. 172–201. ISBN 978-0-295-97837-6. Retrieved 10 February 2021.