Radioplane BTT

BTT
Radioplane Shelduck on display at the Bournemouth Aviation Museum
General information
Type	Target drone
National origin	United States
Manufacturer	Radioplane, Northrop
Number built	>73,000

The Radioplane BTT, known as RP-71 by the company, as WS-426/2 by the United States Navy, and as WS-462/2 by the US Air Force, is a family of target drones produced by the Radioplane Company (later a division of Northrop).[1]

History

In the post-World War II period, Radioplane followed up the success of the OQ-2 target drone with another very successful series of piston-powered target drones, what would become known as the Basic Training Target (BTT) family (the BTT designation wasn't created until the 1980s, but is used here as a convenient way to resolve the tangle of designations). The BTTs remained in service for the rest of the 20th century.

Variants

OQ-19 / KD2R

Original OQ-19 on display at Aviation Unmanned Vehicle Museum

Communications hardware for the BTT on display at the Aviation Unmanned Vehicle Museum

The BTT family began life in the late 1940s, evolving through a series of refinements with the US Army designations of OQ-19A through OQ-19D, and the US Navy name of Quail with designated KD2R. Early models had a metal fuselage and wooden wings, but production standardized on an all-metal aircraft.

Radioplane developed an experimental XQ-10 variant that was mostly made of plastic, but although evaluations went well, it wasn't considered a major improvement over existing technology, and it did not go into production.

Radioplane was bought out by Northrop in 1952 to become the Northrop Ventura Division, though it appears that the "Radioplane" name lingered on for a while.

MQM-33 / MQM-36

In 1963, when the US military adopted a standardized designation system, the surviving US Army BTT variants became MQM-33s and the KD2R-1, the only member of the family still in Navy service, became the MQM-36 Shelduck.

The MQM-36 was the most evolved of the BTT family, but retained the same general configuration as the other members. It was larger and more sophisticated than the first-generation OQ-2A series, and was powered by a more powerful flat-four four-stroke McCulloch piston engine with 72 hp (54 kW). The MQM-36 carried Luneburg lens radar enhancement devices in its wingtips that generated a radar signature of a larger aircraft. The radar reflectors (Luneburg lens) wasn't used by the US Navy as the air search radar interfered with the control signals. Thus the air search radar was not used.

Launch was by RATO booster or bungee catapult, and recovery by parachute.

MQM-57 Falconer

A variant of the BTT designated the RP-71,[2] also known as the SD-1 Observer and later redesignated MQM-57 Falconer,[3] was built for battlefield reconnaissance, with first flight in 1955. The Falconer was similar in appearance to the Shelduck, but had a slightly longer and stockier fuselage. It had an autopilot system with radio-control backup, and could carry cameras, as well as illumination flares for night reconnaissance. Equipment was loaded through a hump in the back between the wings. Although it only had an endurance of a little more than a half-hour, making it of limited use, about 1,500 Falconers were built and the type was used internationally with several different military forces, remaining in service into the 1970s.

Over 76,000 BTT targets were built in all – more than any other type of aircraft – and the type was used by at least 18 nations.[4]^[failed verification]

Operators

 United Kingdom

• British Army

Surviving aircraft

KD2R on display at the Aviation Unmanned Vehicle Museum

Australia

• N10-53152 – KD2R-5 on display at the South Australian Aviation Museum in Port Adelaide, South Australia.[5]

Netherlands

• KL-110 – KD2R-5 on display at the Nationaal Militair Museum in Soesterberg, Utrecht.[6]

Sweden

• KD2R-5 on display at the Arboga Missile Museum. [7]
• On display at the Kolmårdens Djurpark outside of Norrköping, Östergötland.^[citation needed]

United Kingdom

• XR346/XV383/XW578 – D.1 on display at the Bournemouth Aviation Museum in Hurn, Dorset.[8]
• XT581 – SD-1 on display at the Imperial War Museum Duxford in Duxford, Cambridgeshire. It was given to the museum in 1978 by the British Army and was restored in the 1990s.[9]^[failed verification]

United States

• KD2R on display at the Aviation Unmanned Vehicle Museum in Caddo Mills, Texas. It includes the complete communications hardware.[10]
• KD2R-5 on display at the Western Museum of Flight in Torrance, California.[11]
• MQM-33 on display at the Estrella Warbirds Museum in Paso Robles, California.[12]
• MQM-33 on display at the U.S. Veterans Memorial Museum in Huntsville, Alabama.[13]
• MQM-33 on display at the Canadian Museum of Flight in Langley, British Columbia.[14]
• MQM-57 on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio.[15]
• OQ-19 fuselage in storage at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.[16]
• OQ-19 on display at the National Model Airplane Museum in Muncie, Indiana.[17]
• OQ-19A on display at the Air Victory Museum in Lumberton, New Jersey.[18]
• OQ-19B on display at the Alaska Aviation Museum in Anchorage, Alaska.[19]
• OQ-19D on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio.[20]
• OQ-19D on display at the Alaska Veterans Museum in Anchorage, Alaska.[21]
• OQ-19D on display at the Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona.[22]
• OQ-19D on display at the Minnesota Wing of the Commemorative Air Force in South St. Paul, Minnesota.^[citation needed]
• OQ-19D on display at the Greater Saint Louis Air & Space Museum in Cahokia Heights, Illinois.[23]

Specifications (MQM-36)

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1966–67.[24]

General characteristics

• Crew: None
• Length: 13 ft 7 in (4.14 m)
• Wingspan: 11 ft 6 in (3.50 m)
• Height: 2 ft 7 in (0.79 m)
• Wing area: 18.72 sq ft (1.74 m^2)
• Aspect ratio: 7.0:1
• Empty weight: 273 lb (124 kg)
• Gross weight: 403 lb (183 kg)
• Powerplant: 1 × McCulloch O-100-2 , 72 hp (53 kW)

Performance

• Maximum speed: 202 mph (324 km/h, 176 kn)
• Stall speed: 67 mph (108 km/h, 58 kn)
• Range: 207 mi (333 km, 180 nmi)
• Endurance: 1 hours
• Service ceiling: 23,000 ft (7,000 m)
• Rate of climb: 3,500 ft/min (17.8 m/s)

References

Citations

1. Jacobs, Horace; Whitney, Eunice Engelke. Missile and Space Projects Guide 1962, Springer, 1962, p. 224.
2. "Pilotless Photo Drone Takes Aerial Pictures" Popular Mechanics, June 1956, p. 144 bottom article.
3. Newcome, Laurence R. (2004). Unmanned Aviation: A Brief History of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. p. 73. doi:10.2514/4.868894. ISBN 978-1-56347-644-0.
4. Smith, H. F. (June 1982). "History of the McCulloch Aircraft Engine" (PDF). Popular Rotorcraft. p. 26. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
5. "Shelduck". South Australian Aviation Museum. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
6. "Doelvliegtuig Northrop KD2R-5 registratienummer KL-110". NMM (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 June 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
7. "RB 03 Humlan (KD2R-5)". Retrieved 5 August 2024.
8. Curtis, Howard J. (12 October 2020). "Bournemouth Airport Residents List". The 'AirNet' Web Site. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
9. "Northrop SD-1 Drone". IWM. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
10. "BGM-34B ATTACK & MULTI-MISSION RPV". AUVM. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
11. "Northrop KD2R5 "Shelduck" Basic Training Target Drone". Western Museum of Flight. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
12. "Radioplane MQM-33". Estrella Warbirds Museum. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
13. "RCAT". U.S. Veterans Memorial Museum. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
14. "Northrop 'Shelduck' Target Drone". The Canadian Museum of Flight. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
15. "Radioplane/Northrop MQM-57 Falconer". National Museum of the United States Air Force. 8 June 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
16. "Fuselage, Drone, Target, Radioplane OQ-14". National Air and Space Museum. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
17. "Object Record [Target Drone]". National Model Aviation Museum. Academy of Model Aeronautics. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
18. "OQ-19A Drone". Air Victory Museum. Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
19. "Museum Exhibits". Alaska Aviation Museum. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
20. "Radioplane OQ-19D". National Museum of the United States Air Force. 29 May 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
21. "Radioplane OQ-19D". Alaska Veterans Museum. Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
22. "RADIOPLANE OQ-19D (MQM-33B)". Pima Air & Space Museum. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
23. Turdo, Carmelo (2 January 2011). "Greater St. Louis Air & Space Museum Receives Donated OQ-19D Target". The Aero Experience. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
24. Taylor 1966, p. 377.

Bibliography

• Newcome, Lawrence R. (2004). Unmanned Aviation: A Brief History of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. doi:10.2514/4.868894. ISBN 978-1-56347-644-0.
• Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1966–67. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, 1966.
• This article contains material that originally came from the web article Unmanned Aerial Vehicles by Greg Goebel, which exists in the Public Domain.