The Penghu (/ˈpʌŋˈhuː/PUNG-HOO,[1]HokkienPOJ: Phîⁿ-ô͘ or Phêⁿ-ô͘ ) or Pescadores Islands are an archipelago of 90 islands and islets in the Taiwan Strait, located approximately 50 km (31 mi) west of the main island of Taiwan across the Penghu Channel, covering an area of 141 square kilometers (54 sq mi). The archipelago collectively forms Penghu County of Taiwan and is the smallest county of Taiwan. The largest city is Magong, located on the largest island, which is also named Magong.
Penghu Islands rely solely on sea and air transportation, with air transport having a significant role in outside access. The islands are served by three local domestic airports: Penghu Airport, Qimei Airport, and Wang-an Airport. The Penghu National Scenic Area comprises most of the islands and islets of the archipelago. It is also renowned for its unique natural feature of columnar basalt landscape. Tourism is one of the main sources of income to the county.
Name
The "Penghu" islands were mentioned in a series of poems during the Tang dynasty (618–907). During the Song dynasty (960–1279), it was mentioned that during the Tang period, "Pinghu" barbarians from beyond Quanzhou had laid siege to Fuzhou, now the capital of Fujian Province.[2] In 1171, poet Lou Yue [zh] described a place across the sea from Quanzhou, identified as Penghu, that had thousands of sandbars called "Pinghu" (flat lake) because of the "encircling shape of its inner coastline".[6] Song sources describe migrants from Fujian cultivating land on Pinghu.[7] In 1225, the Song historian Zhao Rukuo called the islands attached to Jinjiang County "Penghu".[8] In 1227, Wang Xiangzhi described Penghu as a group of 36 islands in an "outlying region" which took three days to reach by sailing from Jinjiang.[9] In the Southern Min language, both Pinghu and Penghu are pronounced similarly, and scholars in Taiwan believe them to be the same place.[8] In Southern Min it is pronounced Phêⁿ-ô·.[10]
According to the official Penghu County Chronicle, Penghu's original name had been "Pinghu"(平湖), but as "Ping"(平) sounded similar to "Peng"(彭) in Hokkien, "Pinghu"(平湖) was also written as "Penghu"(彭湖), and ultimately the consensus, is to write "Penghu"(澎湖).[11][12] The islands have also been called Pehoe from the Minnan name Phêⁿ-ô·.[10]
Finds of fine red cord-marked pottery at Guoye, Huxi, indicate that Penghu was visited by Austronesians from southwestern Taiwan around 5,000 years ago, though not settled permanently.[15]
Song dynasty
Han Chinese from southern Fujian began to establish fishing communities on the islands in the 9th and 10th centuries,[15] and representatives were intermittently stationed there by the Southern Song and Yuan governments from c. 1170.[16] Chinese fishermen had settled on the Penghu Islands by 1171, when a group of "Bisheye" bandits with dark skin speaking a foreign language landed on Penghu and plundered the fields planted by Chinese migrants. The Song government sent soldiers after them and from that time on, Song patrols regularly visited Penghu in the spring and summer. A local official, Wang Dayou [zh] had houses built on Penghu and stationed troops there to prevent depredations by the Bisheye.[17][18][16] Coins dating to the Xining (1068-1077) and Zhenghe (1111-1117) reign periods as well as many Song pottery and porcelain shards have been unearthed in Penghu.[9]
In 1225, the Book of Barbarian Nations anecdotally indicated that Penghu was attached to Jinjiang, Quanzhou Prefecture.[3]
A group of Quanzhou immigrants lived on Penghu.[19]
Yuan dynasty
In November 1281, the Yuan dynasty under Emperor Shizu officially established the Penghu Patrol and Inspection Agency under the jurisdiction of Tong'an County, incorporating Penghu into China's borders 403 years earlier than Taiwan.[3]
There are thirty-six islands, large and small, so close together that the slopes of one are visible from another. Among them are seven harbors which are named. With a favoring wind they can be reached from Ch'üan-chou in two days and nights. There is grass but no trees ; the land is barren and not suited for growing rice. The Ch'üan-chou people make their houses by thatching grass. The weather is always warm. The customs [of the residents] are rustic. Many of the people are long-lived [or, the people are mostly old]. Men and women both wear long cloth gowns girded with local cotton cloth. They boil sea [water] to get salt, and ferment millet to make liquor. They gather fish, shrimp, snails, and clams to supplement their [staple of grain]. They burn ox dung to cook fish fat for use as oil. The land produces sesame and green beans. The goats multiply into flocks of several tens of thousands. A family [which owns some goats] brands their hair and cuts their horns as marks of identification, but does not gather them in during the day or night, so that they all forage for themselves. Their workmen and merchants enjoy the profits of a flourishing trade. The territory is attached to Chin-chiang county [hsien] of Ch'üan-chou [prefecture]. During the reign-period Chih-yüan 至元[1280-1294] a sub-county magistrate was assigned there to be in charge of the annual tax fixed on salt; during the Chung-t'ung 中統 reign-period [1260-1279] this amounted to ten ingots [ting 錠] and twenty-five ounces. No other tax or corvée is levied.[21]
In the 15th century, the Ming ordered the evacuation of the islands as part of their maritime ban. When these restrictions were removed in the late 16th century, legal fishing communities, most of which hailed from Tong'an County,[22] were re-established on the islands. These fishermen worshiped at the Mazu Temple that gave Magong its name and themselves gave rise to the Portuguese and English name Pescadores.[16] The Ming established a permanent military presence starting in 1597.[23]
At this time, the Dutch East India Company was trying to force China to open a port in Fujian to Dutch trade and expel the Portuguese from Macau.[24][25][26] When the Dutch were defeated by the Portuguese at the Battle of Macau in 1622, they seized Penghu, built a fort there, and threatened raids on Chinese ports and shipping unless the Chinese allowed trading with them on Penghu and that China not trade with Manila.[27] In response, the Chinese governor of Fujian demanded that the Dutch withdraw from Penghu to Taiwan, where the Chinese would permit them to engage in trade.[28][29] The Dutch continued to raid the Fujian coast between October 1622 and January 1624 to force their demands, but were unsuccessful.[30] In 1624, the new governor of Fujian sent a fleet of 40–50 warships with 5,000 troops to Penghu and expelled the Dutch, who moved to Fort Zeelandia on Taiwan.[31][32]
Qing dynasty
For a period in the mid-17th century, Taiwan and the archipelago were ruled by the Kingdom of Tungning under the Zheng family, which was overthrown by the Qing dynasty in 1683 after the Battle of Penghu. Military personnel were stationed on Penghu afterwards. Penghu became a sub-prefecture of Taiwan Prefecture, Fujian Province, during the Qing period.[33]
The Penghu archipelago was captured by the French in March 1885, in the closing weeks of the Sino-French War, and evacuated four months later. The Pescadores Campaign was the last campaign of Admiral Amédée Courbet, whose naval victories during the war had made him a national hero in France. Courbet was among several French soldiers and sailors who succumbed to cholera during the French occupation of Penghu. He died aboard his flagship Bayard in Makung harbour on 11 June 1885.[34][non-primary source needed]
Towards the end of the First Sino-Japanese War, having defeated the Qing in northern China, Japan sought to ensure that it obtained Penghu and Taiwan in the final settlement. In March 1895, the Japanese defeated the Chinese garrison on the islands and occupied Makung. The Japanese occupation of Penghu, with its fine harbor, gave the Imperial Japanese Navy an advanced base from which their short-range coal-burning ships could control the Taiwan Straits and thus prevent more Chinese troops from being sent to Taiwan. This action persuaded the Chinese negotiators at Shimonoseki that Japan was determined to annex Taiwan, and, after Penghu, Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula had been ceded to Japan in the Sino-Japanese Treaty of Shimonoseki in April, helped to ensure the success of the Japanese invasion of Taiwan in May.[35][non-primary source needed]
In 1944, Penghu was extensively bombed during the Penghu air raids.
Republic of China
In the Cairo Declaration of 1943, the United States, the United Kingdom and China stated it to be their purpose that "all the territories that Japan has stolen from the Chinese, such as Formosa and The Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China". On 26 July 1945, the three governments issued the Potsdam Declaration, declaring that "the terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out". However, the United States and the United Kingdom have regarded the aforementioned documents as merely wartime statements of intention with no binding force in law.[36]
The Republic of China and Japan signed the Treaty of Taipei on April 28, 1952, and the treaty came into force on August 5, which is considered by some as giving a legal support to the Republic of China's claim to Taiwan as "de jure" territory. The treaty stipulates that all treaties, conventions, and agreements between China and Japan prior to 9 December 1941 were null and void, which according to Hungdah Chiu, abolishes the Treaty of Shimonoseki ceding Taiwan to Japan. In the 1956 Japan v. Lai Chin Jung case, it was stated that Taiwan and the Penghu islands came to belong to the ROC on the date the Treaty of Taipei came into force.[38]
However, in 1954, the United States denied that the sovereignty over Taiwan and the Penghu islands had been settled by the Treaty of Taipei.[39] In the following year, the United States also stated its position that Taiwan and Penghu were handed over to the Allied Powers, and that the Republic of China was merely asked to administer these territories for the Allied Powers pending a final decision as to their ownership.
[40] In the 1960 Sheng v. Rogers case, it was stated that, in the view of the U.S. State Department, no agreement has purported to transfer the sovereignty of Taiwan to the ROC, though it accepted the exercise of Chinese authority over Taiwan and recognized the Government of the Republic of China as the legal government of China at the time.[41]
Boat people fleeing Vietnam in the 1970s and 1980s who were rescued by Taiwan's ships in the South China Sea were sent to Penghu.[42]
On 25 May 2002, China Airlines Flight 611, a Boeing 747-200 aircraft flying from Taipei to Hong Kong, disintegrated and exploded over the Islands. The wreckage slammed into the Taiwan Strait, a couple of miles off the coast. All 225 passengers and crew on board were killed.[43]
The main island (comprising Magong City and Huxi Township), Baisha Island and Xiyu are the three most populous islands and are connected via bridges. The Penghu Great Bridge connecting Baisha and Xiyu is the longest bridge in Taiwan. Two shorter bridges connect Huxi and Baisha via the small island of Zhongtun.
Due to its restricted geography, fishing has been the main industry for Penghu.[56] The Agriculture and Fisheries Bureau of the Penghu County Government governs matters related to agriculture and fisheries in Penghu.
In 2016, the bureau placed a ban on the harvesting of sea urchins due to their declining population. The ban was partially lifted in 2017, with catches limited to only specimens larger than 8 cm (3.1 in) in diameter.[57]
Under a wind power development project approved in 2002 by the Executive Yuan, the ROC government plans to set up a total of 200 wind turbines in Penghu within 10 years. However, only 14 turbines have been set up as of 2015[update]. On 1 October 2015, Taipower announced the construction of another 11 new wind turbines across the island, of which six will be constructed in Huxi Township and five in Baisha Township.[59]
The current total desalination capacity of the county to provide clean water to its residents is 15,500 m3 per day. To reduce its groundwater use, in November 2015 the county secured a contract of building an additional desalination plant with 4,000 m3 capacity per day, construction of which is expected to be completed by May 2018.[60]
Tourism
The Penghu National Scenic Area was established in the early 1990s, comprising most of the islands and islets of the archipelago. Tourism has since become one of the main sources of income of the county.
Since 1 January 2015, tourists from Mainland China can directly apply for the Exit & Entry Permit upon arrival in Penghu. This privilege also applies to Kinmen and the Matsu Islands as a means to boost tourism in the outlying islands of Taiwan.[62]
The county welcomed 1.8 million tourists in 2018 with an average annual growth of around 10%.[63]
Original 1908 memorial to the cruiser Matsushima pictured. Modern park memorial in Magong City, Penghu, Taiwan.
As a lightly populated outlying island, Penghu lends itself to being used as a trans-shipment hub for drug smuggling into Taiwan from China and the Philippines. Beginning in 2016, the area became the focus of a major drug trafficking crackdown by the Taiwanese police.[64][65][66]
In 2016, Chou Meng-hsiang (周盟翔), chief prosecutor of the Penghu District Prosecutors Office, "led an investigation team in Taiwan, including officers from the Coast Guard Administration, in a bid to bring (a) drug trafficking ring to justice." A joint investigation with Philippine and Chinese authorities spanning one and a half years resulted in the seizure of "22.6 kilograms of amphetamine, 11.4 kilograms of ephedrine, and about 40 kilograms of calcium chloride" with an estimated value of NT$123 million. Eight suspects were arrested in Cagayan, a small island in northern Philippines, but no Taiwanese nationals were charged in relation to the importation scheme.[67]
In 2017, media reported "the biggest-ever haul of drugs in the county's history" when 506 kg of ephedrine was seized from a Chinese fishing boat off Penghu "as part of an ongoing crackdown on the area drug trade".[64]Ephedrine smuggling has increased in recent years as it has a similar structure to amphetamines and can be easily converted into methamphetamine. According to a Focus Taiwan report, "(It) can then be sold for ten times the price, in this case that would be more than NT$1 billion (US$33.33 million)."[65]
Despite the size of the drug seizure, only the five crew members of the Chinese fishing boat were detained in the operation, with authorities "unable to find the Taiwanese ship which should have turned up to take delivery of the drugs". It was unclear from media reports how the Taiwanese side of the smuggling operation knew to abort the rendezvous. The suppliers of the shipment also evaded capture. It was believed that the drugs were destined to be transported from Penghu for distribution on Taiwan.[68]
^"Taiwan Relations Act". ait.org.tw. American Institute in Taiwan. 30 March 2022. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022. ...Section. 15. For purposes of this Act- 2. the term "Taiwan" includes, as the context may require, the islands of Taiwan and the Pescadores (Penghu).
^"Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty". ait.org.tw. American Institute in Taiwan. 1954. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022. ARTICLE VI. For the purposes of Articles II and V, the terms "territorial" and "territories" shall mean in respect of the Republic of China, Taiwan and the Pescadores: and in respect of the United States of America, the island territories in the West Pacific under its jurisdiction.
^Asian & Pacific Quarterly of Cultural and Social Affairs:15-16, p. 43
^中央研究院臺灣史研究所, 顏尚文 (ed.), "宋代對澎湖的認識", 《續修澎湖縣志‧地理志》, pp. 92–93, archived from the original on 11 February 2022, retrieved 11 February 2022, 大正6年(1917),日人藤田豊八在〈南蠻之來襲〉中,認為「平湖」與「澎湖」為同音異字。毛一波由音韻解釋:「平」可作「旁」音讀之。「彭」音「滂」,本與「旁」通,「旁」即是「滂」。「澎」之字音也是從「旁」字而來,是故「平」與「澎」為同音異字。
^Chang, Chun-Hsiang; Kaifu, Yousuke; Takai, Masanaru; Kono, Reiko T.; Grün, Rainer; Matsu’ura, Shuji; Kinsley, Les; Lin, Liang-Kong (2015). "The first archaic Homo from Taiwan". Nature Communications. 6: 6037. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.6037C. doi:10.1038/ncomms7037. PMC4316746. PMID25625212. Older low-sea-level events, 225, 240–280, ?300, 335–360 and 425–450 ka cannot be completely excluded as the age for Penghu 1, but such a situation requires explanation for preservation through repeated sedimentary events and the unusual distribution of Crocuta crocuta ultima. Therefore, Penghu 1 is younger than 450 ka, and most likely 10–70 ka or 130–190 ka.
^ abHenckaerts, Jean-Marie (1996). The international status of Taiwan in the new world order: legal and political considerations. Kluwer Law International. p. 337. ISBN90-411-0929-3. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2022. p7. "In any case, there appears to be strong legal ground to support the view that since the entry into force of the 1952 ROC-Japan bilateral peace treaty, Taiwan has become the de jure territory of the ROC. This interpretation of the legal status of Taiwan is confirmed by several Japanese court decisions. For instance, in the case of Japan v. Lai Chin Jung, decided by the Tokyo High Court on December 24, 1956, it was stated that 'Formosa and the Pescadores came to belong to the Republic of China, at any rate on August 5, 1952, when the [Peace] Treaty between Japan and the Republic of China came into force…'" p8. "the principles of prescription and occupation that may justify the ROC's claim to Taiwan certainly are not applicable to the PRC because the application of these two principles to the Taiwan situation presupposes the validity of the two peace treaties by which Japan renounce its claim to Taiwan and thus makes the island terra nullius."
^Department of State (13 December 1954). "News Conference Statements: Purpose of treaty with Republic of China". Department of State Bulletin. Vol. XXXI, no. 807. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. 896. The legal position is different, as I think I pointed out in my last press conference, by virtue of the fact that technical sovereignty over Formosa and the Pescadores has never been settled. That is because the Japanese peace treaty merely involves a renunciation by Japan of its right and title to these island. But the future title is not determined by the Japanese peace treaty, nor is it determined by the peace treaty which was concluded between the Republic of China and Japan. Therefore, the juridical status of these islands, Formosa and the Pescadores, is different from the juridical status of the offshore islands which have always been Chinese territory.
^James Reston (6 February 1955). "New Formosa Bid". New York Times. New York City. Archived from the original on 8 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015. The position of the Administration is that these territories were handed over to the Allied and associated powers of World War II by Japan, which had held them since 1895, and that General Chiang was merely asked to administer them for the Allied and associated powers pending a final decision as to their ownership......
^"Precinct". Penghu County Government. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2019. Penghu county consists of 1 city and 5 townships, which are Magong city, Huxi Township, Baisha Township, Xiyu Township, Wang-an Township and Qimei Township. The city and township comprise 97 villages.
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1 The provinces are merely retained as nominal entities within the constitutional structure, as they have no governing power following the formal dissolution of the provincial administrative organs in 2018. Cities and counties are de facto regarded as the principal constituent divisions of the ROC.
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1 Lienchiang County commonly known as Matsu. 2Diaoyutai Islands are controlled by Japan, (called Senkaku Islands). 3Seat of the outlying islands' counties
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Tim pemandu sorak Jacksonville Jaguars. Pemandu sorak atau pandu sorak (bahasa Inggris: cheerleading) adalah perpaduan gerakan dinamis senam, tari, akrobatik, dan sorak-sorai untuk memberi semangat tim olahraga yang sedang bertanding, meneriakkan slogan atau sebagai olahraga yang diperlombakan secara kompetisi. Istilah pemandu sorak juga digunakan untuk menyebut orang yang melakukan tindaknya yang disebut cheerleader. Para pemandu sorak bertugas memimpin teriakan-teriakan untuk memberi seman…
Ratu KostmopolitanSutradaraOdy C. HarahapProduserRaam PunjabiDitulis olehOdy C. HarahapIndra ZahryPemeranLuna MayaTyas MirasihImey LiemAl Fathir MuchtarReza PahleviYati SurachmanCici TegalFerina WidodoAdi KurdiPenata musikJoseph S. DjafarPenyuntingAline JusriaDistributorMVP Pictures Multivision PlusTanggal rilis27 Mei 2010Durasi85 menitNegaraIndonesia Ratu Kostmopolitan adalah film aksi komedi Indonesia yang dirilis pada 27 Mei 2010 yang disutradarai oleh Ody C. Harahap. Film ini dibintang…
الحرب الأهلية السريلانكية تاريخ 23 يوليو 1983 – 18 مايو 2009[1](25 سنةً و9 أشهرٍ و25 يومًا) الموقع سريلانكا النتيجة انتصار الحكومة السريلانكية خسارة عسكرية للمجموعة المتمردة نمور تحرير إيلام تاميل استعادة الحكومة السريلانكية كل مناطق الجزيرة المتحاربون سريلانكا قوات حفظ السلا…
1994 Mexican general election 21 August 1994 Presidential election← 19882000 →Turnout77.16% ( 25.15pp) Nominee Ernesto Zedillo Diego Fernández de Cevallos Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Party PRI PAN PRD Popular vote 17,181,651 9,146,841 5,852,134 Percentage 50.13% 26.69% 17.07% Results by state President before election Carlos Salinas de Gortari PRI Elected President Ernesto Zedillo PRI Senate← 19911997 →96 of the 128 seats in the Senate of the Re…
For other uses, see Kettle (disambiguation). Vessel used to boil water A traditional stainless steel kettle with a handle An electric kettle A kettle, sometimes called a tea kettle or teakettle, is a device specialized for boiling water, commonly with a lid, spout, and handle. There are two main types: the stovetop kettle, which uses heat from a hob, and the electric kettle, which is a small kitchen appliance with an internal heating element. Etymology The word kettle originates from Old Norse k…
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (أكتوبر 2023) الصادق شعبان معلومات شخصية الميلاد 23 فبراير 1950 (العمر 74 سنة)صفاقس مواطنة الحماية الفرنسية في تونس (–20 مارس …
Беатрис де Монфорфр. Béatrice de Montfort графиня Монфор-л’Амори графиня Дрё Рождение 1240-е Смерть 9 марта 1311[1] Род Дом Монфор (Бретани)[вд] Отец Жан I де Монфор Мать Жанна де Шатодён[вд] Супруг около Роберт IV де Дрё Дети Иоланда де Дрё, Жан II де Дрё, Жанна де Дрё[вд][2] и …
Disambiguazione – MES e Mes rimandano qui. Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Mes (disambigua). Meccanismo europeo di stabilità(DE) Europäischer Stabilitätsmechanismus(EN) European Stability Mechanism(ES) Mecanismo Europeo de Estabilidad(FR) Mécanisme européen de stabilité In blu, i Paesi membri del MES Fondazione25 marzo 2011 Sede centrale Lussemburgo (città) PresidentePierre Gramegna Sito web Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Il Meccanismo europeo di stabilità (…