List of pelycosaurs

This list of pelycosaurs is an attempt to create a comprehensive listing of all genera that have ever been included in the synapsida excluding therapsida and purely vernacular terms. The list includes all commonly accepted genera, but also genera that are now considered invalid, doubtful (nomina dubia), or were not formally published (nomina nuda), as well as junior synonyms of more established names, and genera that are no longer considered pelycosaurs.

The list currently contains 83 generic names.

Naming conventions and terminology

Naming conventions and terminology follow the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Technical terms used include:

• Junior synonym: A name which describes the same taxon as a previously published name. If two or more genera are formally designated and the type specimens are later assigned to the same genus, the first to be published (in chronological order) is the senior synonym, and all other instances are junior synonyms. Senior synonyms are generally used, except by special decision of the ICZN, but junior synonyms cannot be used again, even if deprecated. Junior synonymy is often subjective, unless the genera described were both based on the same type specimen.
• Nomen nudum (Latin for "naked name"): A name that has appeared in print but has not yet been formally published by the standards of the ICZN. Nomina nuda (the plural form) are invalid, and are therefore not italicized as a proper generic name would be. If the name is later formally published, that name is no longer a nomen nudum and will be italicized on this list. Often, the formally published name will differ from any nomina nuda that describe the same specimen.
• Nomen oblitum (Latin for "forgotten name"): A name that has not been used in the scientific community for more than fifty years after its original proposal.
• Preoccupied name: A name that is formally published, but which has already been used for another taxon. This second use is invalid (as are all subsequent uses) and the name must be replaced. As preoccupied names are not valid generic names, they will also go unitalicized on this list.
• Nomen dubium (Latin for "dubious name"): A name describing a fossil with no unique diagnostic features. As this can be an extremely subjective and controversial designation, this term is not used on this list.

List

Genus Authors Year Status Age Location Notes Aerosaurus Romer 1937 Valid. Late Carboniferous[1] - Lower Permian[2] United States of America[2] Angelosaurus Olson Beerbower 1953 Valid. Upper Permian[3] United States of America[3] Anglosaurus Bruner 1991 Sic N/A N/A Incorrect spelling for Angelosaurus[4] Apsisaurus Laurin 1991 Valid. Lower Permian[5] United States of America[5] Formerly assigned as a "eosuchian" diapsid.[6] Archaeobelus Cope 1877 Syn. N/A N/A Synonym of Clepsydrops[4] Archaeothyris Reisz 1972 Valid. Upper Carboniferous[1] United States of America[1] Archaeovenator Reisz Dilkes 2003 Valid. Upper Carboniferous[7] United States of America[7] Arribasaurus Williston 1914 Syn. N/A N/A Synonym of Ophiacodon[8] Baldwinonus Romer Price 1940 Valid. Late Carboniferous[1] - Early Permian[9] United States of America[9] Basicranodon Vaughn 1958 Syn. Lower Permian[1] United States of America[1] Synonym of Mycterosaurus[10] Bathyglyptus Case 1911 Syn. N/A N/A Synonym of Dimetrodon[8] Bathygnathus Leidy 1854 Valid. Lower Permian[4] United States of America[4] Brachycnemius Williston 1911 Syn. N/A N/A Synonym of Edaphosaurus[4][8] Callibrachion Boule Glangeau 1893 Syn. N/A N/A Synonym of Haptodus[8] Casea Williston 1910 Valid. Lower Permian[1] France and United States of America[1] Caseoides Olson Beerbower 1953 Valid. Lower Permian[11] United States of America[11] Caseopsis Olson 1962 Valid. Upper Permian[12] United States of America[12] Clepsydrops Cope 1875 Valid. Late Carboniferous[4] United States of America[4] Colobomycter Vaughn 1958 Valid. Lower Permian[4] United States of America[4] It is a protorothyridid eureptile[13] Cotylorhynchus Stovall 1937 Valid. Lower Permian[1] United States of America[1] Cryptovenator Fröbisch Schoch Müller Schindler Schweiss 2011 Valid. Late Carboniferous[14] Germany[14] Ctenorhachis Hook Hotton 1991 Valid. Upper Permian[15] United States of America[15] Ctenospondylus Romer 1936 Valid. Lower Permian[11] United States[11] Cutleria Lewis Vaughn 1965 Valid. Early Permian[16] United States of America[16] Delorhynchus Fox 1962 Valid. Lower Permian[9] United States of America[9] Originally descript as a pelycosaur, but probably a parareptile[17] Datheosaurus Schroeder 1905 Syn. N/A N/A Synonym of Haptodus[8] Dimacrodon Olson Beerbower 1953 Valid? Lower Permian[18] United States[18] Originally descript as an anomodont therapsid by Olson & Beerbower (1953) and Olson (1962), it lacks any diagnostic features of anomodonts and rather represent pelycosaur-grade synapsids[18] Dimetrodon Cope 1878 Valid. Early Permian[19] - Middle Permian United States of America[19] and Germany [20] Diopaeus Cope 1892 Syn. N/A N/A Synonym of Ophiacodon[8] Echinerpeton Reisz 1972 Valid. Upper Carboniferous[21] Canada[21] Edaphosaurus Cope 1882 Valid. Late Carboniferous[19] - Lower Permian[22] Czech Republic [19] and United States of America[22] Elcabrosaurus Case 1907 Syn. N/A N/A Synonym of Sphenacodon[23] Elliotsmithia Broom 1937 Valid. Middle-Upper Permian[24] South Africa[24] Embolophorus Cope 1878 Syn. N/A N/A Synonym of Dimetrodon[8] Ennatosaurus Efremov 1956 Valid. Lower Permian[25] Russia[25] Eothyris Romer 1937 Valid. Lower Permian[2] United States of America[2] Eumatthevia Broom 1930 Syn. N/A N/A Synonym of Mycterosaurus[8] Euromycter Reisz Maddin Fröbisch Falconnet 2011 Valid. Early-Late Permian[26] France[26] Glaucosaurus Williston 1915 Valid. Lower Permian[27] United States of America[27] Haptodus Gaudry 1866 Valid. Late Carboniferous[1] - Lower Permian[28] United States of America[1] and Europe[28] Heleosaurus Broom 1907 Valid. Upper Permian[29] South Africa[29] Ianthasaurus Reisz Berman 1986 Valid. Late Carboniferous[22] United States of America[22] Ianthodon Kissel Reisz 2004 Valid. Upper Carboniferous[30] United States of America[30] Ianthosaurus Reisz Berman 1986 Sic N/A N/A Incorrect spelling of Ianthasaurus Lupeosaurus Romer 1937 Valid. Lower Permian[2] United States of America[2] Macromerion Fritsch 1879 Valid. Upper Carboniferous[31] Germany[31] Mesenosaurus Efremov 1938 Valid. Lower Permian[25] Russia[25] Mesonosaurus Ivakhnenko Kurzanov 1979 Sic N/A N/A Incorrect spelling of Mesenosaurus Milosaurus DeMar 1970 Valid. Upper Carboniferous[4] United States of America[4] Mycterosaurus Williston 1915 Valid. Lower Permian[1] United States of America[1] Naosaurus Cope 1886 Syn. N/A N/A Synonym of Edaphosaurus[22] Neosaurus Nopsca 1923 Valid. Lower Permian[31] France[31] Nitosaurus Romer 1937 Valid. Lower Permian[2] United States of America[2] Oedaleops Langston 1965 Valid. Lower Permian[9] United States of America[9] Ophiacodon Marsh 1878 Valid. Late Carboniferous-Lower Permian[1] United States of America[1] and England[31] Oromycter Reisz 2005 Valid. Lower Permian[32] United States of America[32] Oxyodon Huene 1908 Preocc. N/A N/A Preoccupied by fish genus Oxyodon Brauer, 1906. Synonym of Sphenacodon[8] Palaeohatteria Credner 1888 Valid. Early Permian[33] Germany[33] Palaeosphenodon Baur 1889 Syn. N/A N/A Synonym of Palaeohatteria Pantelosaurus von Huene 1925 Valid. Early Permian[34] Germany[34] Phreatophasma Efremov 1954 Valid. Middle Permian[25] Russia[25] Poecilospondylus Case 1910 Syn. N/A N/A Synonym of Varanosaurus[35] Poliosaurus Case 1907 Syn. N/A N/A Synonym of Ophiacodon[8] Protoclepsydrops Carroll 1964 Valid. Upper Carboniferous[21] Canada[21] Pyozia Anderson Reisz 2004 Valid. Middle Permian[36] Russia[36] Ruthenosaurus Reisz Maddin Fröbisch Falconnet 2011 Valid. Early-Late Permian[26] France[26] Ruthiromia Eberth Brinkman 1983 Valid. Lower Permian[37] United States of America[37] Scoliomus Williston Case 1915 Syn. Lower Permian[38] United States of America[38] Junior synonym of Sphenacodon[38] Secodontosaurus Romer 1936 Valid. Lower Permian[4] United States of America[4] Sphenacodon Marsh 1878 Valid. Late Carboniferous[1]-Early Permian United States of America[1] and England[31] Stereophallodon Romer 1937 Valid. Late Carboniferous[9]-Early Permian[2] United States of America[2] Stereorhachis Gaudry 1880 Valid. Late Carboniferous[1] France[1] Theropleura Cope 1878 Syn. N/A N/A Synonym of Ophiacodon (in partium) and Dimetrodon (in partium)[8] Therosaurus von Huene 1925 Syn. N/A N/A Synonym of Ophiacodon[8] Thrausmosaurus Fox 1962 Valid. Lower Permian[17] United States of America[17] The type species, T. serratidens, was declared to be a nomen dubium[17] Trichasaurus Williston 1913 Valid. Lower Permian[4] United States of America[4] Replacement name for Trispondylus Williston, 1910 Trispondylus Williston 1910 Preocc. N/A N/A Preoccupied by phenacodontid Trispondylus Cope, 1884 Varanodon Olson 1965 Valid. Lower Permian[11] United States of America[11] Varanops Williston 1911 Valid. Lower Permian[1] United States of America[1] Varanosaurus Broili 1904 Valid. Lower Permian[1] United States of America[1] Xyrospondylus Reisz Heaton Pynn 1982 Valid. Upper Carboniferous[8] United States of America[8] Watongia Olson 1974 Valid. Middle Permian[39] United States of America[39] Winfeldia Romer 1925 Syn. N/A N/A Synonym of Ophiacodon[8]		Archaeovenator Casea Cotylorhynchus Ctenospondylus Dimetrodon Edaphosaurus Ennatosaurus Haptodus Ianthasaurus Mycterosaurus Oedaleops Ophiacodon Secodontosaurus Sphenacodon Varanodon

See also

• List of prehistoric mammals
• List of therapsids
• Synapsid

References

1. Berman, D. S.; Sumida, S. S.; Lombard, R. E. (1997). "Biogeography of primitive amniotes". In Sumida, S. J.; Martin, K. L. M (eds.). Amniote Origins - Completing the Transition to Land. Academic Press. pp. 85–140. ISBN 978-0-12-676460-4.
2. Romer, A. S. (1937). "New genera and species of pelycosaurian reptiles". Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club. XVI: 90–96.
3. Olson, E. C. & Barghusen, H. (1962). "Permian vertebrates from Oklahoma and Texas". Oklahoma Geological Survey. 59: 1–20.
4. Bruner, J. C. (1991). "A catalogue of Type Specimens of Fossil Vertebrates in the Field Museum of Natural History. Classes Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and ichnites". Geology. 22: 1–68. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.3392.
5. Reisz, R.R.; Laurin, M. & Marjanovic, D. (2010). "Apsisaurs witteri from the lower Permian of Texas: yet another small varanopid synapsid, not a diapsid". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (5): 1628–1631. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.501441. S2CID 129835335.
6. Laurin, M. (1991). "The osteology of a Lower Permian eosuchian from Texas and a review of diapsid phylogeny". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 101 (1): 59–95. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00886.x.
7. Reisz, R. R. & Dilkes, D. W. (2003). "Archaeovenator hamiltonensis, a new varanopid from the upper carboniferous of Kansas". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 40 (4): 667–678. doi:10.1139/e02-063.
8. Carroll, R. L. (1988). Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. W. H Freeman Company. pp. 688. ISBN 978-0-7167-1822-2.
9. Langston, W. (1965). "Oedalops campi (Reptilia: Pelycosauria) new genus and species from the Lower Permian of New Mexico and the family Eothryrididae". Bulletim of Texas Memorial Museum. 9: 1–45.
10. Reisz, R. R.; Wilson, H. & Scott, D. (1997). "Varanopseid synapsid skeletal elements from Richards Spur, a Lower Permian fissure fill near Fort Sill". Oklahoma Geology Notes. 57: 160–170.
11. Lucas, S. G. (2006). "Global Permian tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology". In Lucas, S. G.; Cassinis, G.; Schneider, J. W (eds.). Non-marine Permian biostratigraphy and biochronology. Geological Society. pp. 65–94. ISBN 978-1-86239-206-9.
12. Olson, E. C. (1962). "Late Permian Terrestrial Vertebrates, U.S.A. and U.S.S.R". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 52 (2): 1–196. doi:10.2307/1005904. JSTOR 1005904.
13. Modesto, S. P. & Reisz, R. R. (2008). "New material of Colobomycter pholeter, a small parareptile from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (3): 677–684. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[677:NMOCPA]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85991061.
14. Fröbisch, J.; Schoch, R.R.; Müller, J.; Schindler, T. Schweiss, D. (2010). "A new basal sphenacodontid synapsid from the Late Carboniferous of the Saar-Nahe Basin, Germany". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 56: 113–120. doi:10.4202/app.2010.0039.
15. Hook, R. W. & Hotton, N. (1991). "A new sphenacodontid pelycosaur (Synapsida) from the Wichita Group, Lower Permian of north-central Texas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 11: 37–44. doi:10.1080/02724634.1991.10011374.
16. Lewis, G.E.; Vaughn, P.P. (1965). "Early Permian Vertebrates from the Cutler Formation of the Placerville Area, Colorado". United States Geological Survey Professional Papers. 503 (C): 1–46.
17. Evans, D. C.; Maddin, H. C. & Reisz, R. R. (2009). "A Re-evaluation of Sphenacodontid Synapsid Material from the Lower Permian Fissure Fills near Richards Spur, Oklahoma". Palaeontology. 52 (1): 219–227. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00837.x.
18. Sidor, C.A. & Hopson, J.A. (1995). "The taxonomic status of the Upper Permian eotheriodont therapsids of the San Angelo Formation (Guadalupian), Texas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15 (suppl. 3): 1–66. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011277.
19. Dixon, D.; Cox, B.; Savage, R. J. G.; Gardine, B., eds. (1992). The Macmillan Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. Collier Books. p. 312. ISBN 978-0-02-042981-4.
20. Berman, D. S.; Reisz, R. R.; Martens, T. & Henrici, A. C. (2001). "A new species of Dimetrodon (Synapsida: Sphenacodontidae) from the Lower Permian of Germany records first occurrence of genus outside North America". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 38 (5): 803–812. Bibcode:2001CaJES..38..803B. doi:10.1139/cjes-38-5-803.
21. Benton, M. J. & Donoghue, P. C. J. (2006). "Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (1): 26–53. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl150. PMID 17047029.
22. Modesto, S. P. & Reisz, R. R. (1990). "Taxonomic status of Edaphosaurus raymondi Case". Journal of Paleontology. 60 (6): 1049–1051. doi:10.1017/S0022336000019910. S2CID 132805033.
23. Reisz, R. R. (1986). "Pelycosauria". In Sues, H. D (ed.). Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie Part 17-A. Pfeil-Verlag. pp. 1–102. ISBN 978-3-89937-032-4.
24. Dilkes, D. W. & Reisz, R. R. (1996). "First record of a basal synapsid ('Mammal-like Reptile') in Gondwana". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 263 (1374): 1165–1170. doi:10.1098/rspb.1996.0170. S2CID 128734309.
25. Modesto, S. P. & Rybcynski, N. (2001). "The amniote faunas of the Russian Permian: implications for Late Permian terrestrial vertebrate biogeography". In Benton, M. J.; Shishkin, M. A.; Unwin, D. M. & Kurochkin, E. N (eds.). The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–34. ISBN 978-0-521-54582-2.
26. Reisz, R.R.; Maddin, H.C.; Fröbisch, J.; Falconnet, J. (2011). "A new large caseid (Synapsida, Caseasauria) from the Permian of Rodez (France), including a reappraisal of "Casea" rutena Sigogneau-Russell & Russell, 1974" (PDF). Geodiversitas. 33 (2): 227–246. doi:10.5252/g2011n2a2. S2CID 129458820. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-19.
27. Modesto, S. P. (1994). "The Lower Permian synapsid Glaucosaurus from Texas". Palaeontology. 37 (1): 51–60.
28. Kemp, T. S. (2005). The Origin & Evolution of Mammals. Oxford University Press. p. 342. ISBN 978-0-19-850761-1.
29. Reisz, R. R. & Modesto, S. P. (2007). "Heleosaurus scholtzi from the Permian of South Africa: a varanopid synapsid, not a diapsid reptile". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (3): 734–739. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[734:HSFTPO]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86246959.
30. Kissel, R. A. & Reisz, R. R. (2004). "Synapsid fauna of the Upper Pennsylvanian Rock Lake Shale near Garnett, Kansas and the diversity pattern of early amniotes". In Arratia, G.; Wilson, M. V. H. & Cloutier, R (eds.). Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates. Pfeil-Verlag. p. 703. ISBN 978-3-89937-052-2.
31. Paton, R. L. (1974). "Lower Permian pelycosaurs from the English midlands". Palaeontology. 17 (3): 541–552.
32. Reisz, R. R. (2005). "Oromycter, a New Caseid from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (4): 905–910. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0905:OANCFT]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 130056690.
33. Credner, C.F.H. (1888). "Die Stegocephalen und Saurier aus dem Rothliegenden des Plauen'schen Grundes bei Dresden. VII Theil: Palaeohatteria longicaudata Cred". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft. 40: 490–558.
34. von Huene, F. (1925). "Ein neuer Pelycosaurier aus der unteren Permformaiton Sachens". Geologische und Paläontologische Abhandlungen. 18: 215–264.
35. Sumida, S. S. (1989). "Reinterpretation of vertebral structure in the Early Permian pelycosaur Varanosaurus acutirostris (Amniota, Synapsida)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 9 (4): 451–458. doi:10.1080/02724634.1989.10011777.
36. Anderson, J. S. & Reisz, R. R. (2004). "Pyozia mesenensis, a new small varanopid (Synapsida, Eupelycosauria) from Russia: "Pelycosaur" diversity in the Middle Permian". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (1): 173–179. doi:10.1671/1940-13. S2CID 59023934.
37. Eberth, D. A. & Brinkman, D. (1983). "Ruthiromia elcobriensis, a new pelycosaur from El Cobre Canyon, New Mexico". Breviora. 474: 1–27.
38. Reisz, R. R. & Berman, D. S. (1985). "Scoliomus puercensis Williston and Case, 1913, identified as a junior synonym of Sphenacodon ferox Marsh (Reptilia, Pelycosauria)". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 22 (8): 1236–1239. Bibcode:1985CaJES..22.1236R. doi:10.1139/e85-126.
39. Reisz, R. R. & Laurin, M. (2004). "A reevaluation of the enigmatic Permian synapsid Watongia and of its stratigraphic significance". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 41 (4): 377–386. Bibcode:2004CaJES..41..377R. doi:10.1139/e04-016.