Chappaquiddick (film)

Chappaquiddick
Chappaquiddick
	Theatrical release poster
Directed by	John Curran
Written by	Taylor Allen; Andrew Logan;
Produced by	Mark Ciardi; Chris Cowles; Campbell G. McInnes;
Starring	Jason Clarke; Kate Mara; Ed Helms; Jim Gaffigan; Clancy Brown; Olivia Thirlby; Bruce Dern;
Cinematography	Maryse Alberti
Edited by	Keith Fraase
Music by	Garth Stevenson
Production; company	Apex Entertainment
Distributed by	Entertainment Studios Motion Pictures
Release dates	September 10, 2017 (TIFF); April 6, 2018 (United States);
Running time	101 minutes
Country	United States
Language	English
Budget	$34 million
Box office	$18.3 million

Chappaquiddick, sometimes known as The Senator, is a 2017 American political drama film directed by John Curran, and written by Taylor Allen and Andrew Logan. The film stars Jason Clarke as U.S. Senator from Massachusetts Ted Kennedy and Kate Mara as Mary Jo Kopechne, with Ed Helms, Bruce Dern, Jim Gaffigan, Clancy Brown, and Olivia Thirlby in supporting roles. The plot details the 1969 Chappaquiddick incident, in which Kennedy's negligence caused an automobile accident which resulted in the death of his 28-year-old passenger Mary Jo Kopechne trapped inside the vehicle,^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] and the Kennedy family's response.

Principal photography began in Boston, in September 2016. The film originally premiered at the Gala Presentations section at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 10, 2017,^[8] and was released in the United States on April 6, 2018, by Entertainment Studios.^[9] It received generally positive reviews from critics, with praise for its balanced screenplay and Clarke's performance.^[10]

Plot

In July 1969, U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy (D–MA) is asked in an interview how it feels to stand in the shadow of his dead brothers John and Bobby. Then he phones his cousin Joe Gargan and tells him to book hotel rooms on Martha's Vineyard for the Boiler Room Girls, who worked for Bobby's presidential campaign. He travels to Chappaquiddick Island, where he meets Gargan and Paul Markham for a sailboat race. After losing, Kennedy goes to a party at a cottage with five friends and six Boiler Room Girls.

Kennedy leaves the party with Mary Jo Kopechne. On the road, they encounter a police officer, who asks if they need help. Kennedy backs up and drives quickly away. He accidentally drives off the Dike Bridge, causing the car to flip over before it submerges into a pond. Kennedy climbs out of the vehicle, and calls out to Kopechne, but receives no response. He sits down and cries, before walking back to the cottage. He summons Gargan and Markham, and they drive quickly to the bridge. Gargan and Markham attempt multiple times to retrieve Kopechne from the overturned vehicle, but are unable to open any of the doors or windows. They insist Kennedy report the incident immediately, but instead, he gets in a rowing boat, and Gargan and Markham row him to Edgartown, where they go their separate ways.

Kennedy walks past the phone booth outside his hotel and up to his room and gets undressed. He takes a bath, gets dressed, and combs his hair. He goes down to the phone and calls his father Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. for advice. His partially-paralyzed father says one word: "alibi". Kennedy sits on the steps outside his room. He asks the night porter the time, which is 2.25 a.m. Kennedy claims he is having trouble sleeping, but he goes to sleep without contacting the police.

The next morning, the overturned vehicle is discovered by father-and-son fishermen, who call the police. Police Chief Arena and the fire department recover Kopechne's body from the car, which they find is registered to Kennedy. Gargan and Markham realize that he has not reported the accident, and insist again that he must. Kennedy goes with Markham to the Edgartown Police Department and commandeers the Chief's office, waiting for his return.

After giving the Chief a statement written by Markham, Kennedy travels to the family compound in Hyannisport, believing he has contained the situation. He is shocked as his father tells him his actions have disgraced the family and is surprised by a damage control team led by Robert McNamara, convened to address the legal (potential charge of manslaughter) and political consequences. First, they make sure the body is not examined again, and that the official record that his licence has expired is changed by a Kennedy-friendly official. Then they craft a strategy to push the court hearing after the current news cycle, dominated by the landing of the first men on the Moon. Kennedy attends Kopechne's funeral wearing a neck brace to gain sympathy, but this ploy backfires in the press.

Kennedy suggests an appeal to the people of Massachusetts on national television, which his damage control team heartily endorses. They use the family's influence to resolve the court case without a trial, where anything he says publicly could be used against him. Kennedy receives the minimum sentence by pleading guilty to leaving the scene of an accident: two months' jail time, which the judge suspends based on Kennedy's character and good standing.

Gargan, who has become increasingly disgusted with Kennedy for not being honest about the facts of the case and attempting to play the victim, attempts to resign. Kennedy, having just been slapped by his father, tells Gargan he intends to resign from the Senate and asks him to draft a resignation speech. He tells Gargan not to tell anyone.

As Kennedy is ready to go on national television with the speech prepared by Ted Sorensen, designed to elicit public sympathy, Gargan gives Kennedy the resignation speech, telling him it is the right thing to do. But Kennedy throws it away, and Gargan is pressed to hold Kennedy's cue cards for Sorensen's speech. Although the public has mixed views, the majority interviewed say they would re-elect him.

The credits explain that Joseph Kennedy Sr. died soon after the incident; Gargan became estranged from the family; and Kennedy lost the 1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries but continued in the U.S. Senate for another forty years after the incident.

Cast

Jason Clarke as Ted Kennedy^[11]
Kate Mara as Mary Jo Kopechne^[12]
Ed Helms as Joe Gargan^[12]
Bruce Dern as Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.^[13]
Jim Gaffigan as Paul F. Markham^[14]
Taylor Nichols as Ted Sorensen
Clancy Brown as US Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara
Olivia Thirlby as Rachel Schiff
Lexie Roth as Nance Lyons
John Fiore as Chief Arena
Vince Tycer as David W. Burke
Andria Blackman as Joan Bennett Kennedy
Tamara Hickey as Marilyn Richards
Alison Wachtler as Liz Trotta
Victor Warren as Stephen Edward Smith
Donald Watson as Dr. Watt
Matthew Lawler as Dun Gifford
Angela Hope Smith as Maryellen Lyons
Brad Wheelwright as Sailor
David De Beck as US Ambassador Sargent Shriver
Patrick Sheehan as Representative John V. Tunney
Bill Humphreys as James Reston
Tim Jackson as Joseph Kopechne
Charlotte Ann Dore as Gwen Kopechne
Ed Peed as Eugene Frieh

Production

On December 14, 2015, it was announced that Sam Taylor-Johnson would direct the film, though she later dropped out.^[15] On April 25, 2016, it was announced Jason Clarke would play Ted Kennedy, with John Curran directing.^[11] On July 7, 2016, Kate Mara and Ed Helms joined the cast, to play Mary Jo Kopechne and Joe Gargan, respectively.^[12] On July 20, 2016, Bruce Dern was added as Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.,^[13] while Jim Gaffigan and Olivia Thirlby joined the cast on August 31, 2016, and principal photography began in Boston on September 7, 2016.^[14]

The car crash was filmed on a recreation of the Dike Bridge in a water tank at Baja Studios in Rosarito, Baja California, Mexico.^[16]

Release

On September 8, 2017, Entertainment Studios acquired distribution rights to the film for $4 million.^[17] The film premiered at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival on September 10.^[1] The film was initially scheduled for an awards season release, on December 8, 2017, but was moved back to April 6, 2018.^[18]^[9] The studio spent $16 million on prints and advertising.^[19]

Reception

Box office

In the United States and Canada, Chappaquiddick was released alongside A Quiet Place, Blockers and The Miracle Season, and was projected to gross $2–4 million from 1,560 theaters in its opening weekend.^[19] It ended up debuting above expectations with $5.8 million, finishing 7th at the box office. Deadline Hollywood noted it was still a low figure given Entertainment Picture's $4 million purchase of the film and their $16 million advertising campaign, although the studio itself was satisfied with the results.^[20] In its second weekend the film dropped 47% to $3.1 million, finishing 10th.^[21] It was the 16th highest-grossing independent film of 2018.^[22]

Critical response

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 80% based on 147 reviews, and an average rating of 7.00/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Chappaquidick can't help leaving some of this true story's most intriguing questions unanswered, but it's bolstered by outstanding work from Jason Clarke in the central role."^[23] On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews, the film has an average score of 67 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".^[24] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported men and women over the age of 25 (the film's largest demographic) gave it respective overall positive scores of 80% and 72%.^[20]

Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter called the film methodical and lacking passion, writing: "It's doubtful that many Americans under the age of 40 or so even know what the name Chappaquiddick refers to, which might in itself provide solid justification for making a film about it. But the drama of the tragic July 18, 1969, accident... needed more energetic and incisive treatment than it receives in this sober, somewhat slack telling."^[1]

Response by journalists and politicians

In a March 2018 interview, Byron Allen, CEO of Entertainment Studios, which distributed the film, stated that "there are some very powerful people who tried to put pressure on me not to release this movie".^[25] Boston Herald journalist Howie Carr speculated that this was a reference to Chris Dodd, who had been a longtime friend and ally of Kennedy's when he served in the U.S. Senate, and had more recently been president of the Motion Picture Association of America.^[26]

American journalist, writer and film critic Neal Gabler, who at the time was writing a biography of Ted Kennedy, criticized the film as a mix of "conjecture and outright fabrication". As one example, he stated, "Contrary to the film's implications, Mr. Kennedy immediately and forever after felt deep remorse and responsibility for the accident; it haunted him."^[27] Similarly, longtime Kennedy aide and speechwriter Bob Shrum criticized the film for "trafficking in conspiracy theories", stating that Kennedy had never tried to cover up or minimise his responsibility for Kopechne's death.^[28]

Conservative commentator Mark Steyn called Chappaquiddick an "excellent film" that shows how the "acidic glamour of power corrodes" Kennedy and many of those around him. He also stated his opinion that one exchange in the film was based on something he (Steyn) had written previously: in the film, Kennedy remarks that even acclaimed historical figures, such as Moses, had personal flaws, and his cousin Joe Gargan retorts, "Moses didn't leave a girl at the bottom of the Red Sea." Steyn noted that he had written something very similar in response to a 2009 column by Joan Vennochi praising Kennedy after his death.^[29]

Accolades

Year	Festival	Category	Nominee(s)	Result
2018	19th Golden Trailer Awards	Best Drama	Entertainment Studios and mOcean	Nominated
2018	35th Miami International Film Festival	Jordan Alexander Ressler Screenwriting Award for Best Screenplay	Taylor Allen and Andrew Logan	Nominated

References

^ ^a ^b ^c McCarthy, Todd (September 10, 2017). "'Chappaquiddick' Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
^ Shanahan, Mark (May 11, 2018). "Neil deGrasse Tyson isn't over the moon about 'Chappaquiddick'". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on May 14, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
^ "Chappaquiddick (2018)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on July 17, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
^ "Charge to Be Filed Against Kennedy". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. July 20, 1969. p. 1A. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
^ Putzel, Michael; Pyle, Richard (February 22, 1976). "Chappaquiddick (part 1)". Lakeland Ledger. (Florida). Associated Press. p. 1B. Archived from the original on May 28, 2022. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
^ Putzel, Michael; Pyle, Richard (February 29, 1976). "Chappaquiddick (part 2)". Lakeland Ledger. (Florida). Associated Press. p. 1B. Archived from the original on May 28, 2022. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
^ Jacoby, Jeff (July 24, 1994). "Unlike Kopechne, the questions have never died". The Day. New London, Connecticut. The Boston Globe. p. C9. Archived from the original on May 28, 2022. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
^ Pond, Steve (August 15, 2017). "Aaron Sorkin, Brie Larson, Louis CK Movies Added to Toronto Film Festival Lineup". TheWrap. Archived from the original on June 19, 2018. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
^ ^a ^b Thompson, Ann (October 20, 2017). "'Chappaquiddick' Moves Out of the Crowded Awards Season — Exclusive". IndieWire. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
^ Giles, Jeff (April 5, 2018). "A Quiet Place and Blockers Are Certified Fresh". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Archived from the original on April 6, 2018. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
^ ^a ^b Busch, Anita (April 25, 2016). "Jason Clarke Cast As Ted Kennedy In 'Chappaquiddick' Movie". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on August 18, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c Busch, Anita (July 7, 2016). "Kate Mara & Ed Helms Joining 'Chappaquiddick' Movie". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on July 5, 2017. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
^ ^a ^b Busch, Anita (July 20, 2016). "Bruce Dern Will Portray Joe Kennedy In 'Chappaquiddick'". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on September 2, 2017. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
^ ^a ^b Hipes, Patrick (August 31, 2016). "Jim Gaffigan & Olivia Thirlby Join 'Chappaquiddick'". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on August 1, 2017. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
^ Jaafar, Ali (December 14, 2015). "Sam Taylor-Johnson Finds 'Fifty Shades' Racy Follow-up In Ted Kennedy Scandal 'Chappaquiddick'". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
^ Marcks, Iain (May 2018). "Truth and Consequences". American Cinematographer. Vol. 99, no. 5. Hollywood, California, United States: American Society of Cinematographers. p. 43.
^ Busch, Anita (September 8, 2017). "'Chappaquiddick': Ted Kennedy Tragedy Movie Acquired By Byron Allen in Toronto". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
^ Siegel, Tatiana (September 27, 2017). "Ted Kennedy Movie 'Chappaquiddick' Release Date Set for Dec. 8 (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on October 22, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
^ ^a ^b Rubin, Rebecca (April 3, 2018). "'A Quiet Place' Looks to Make Noise at Weekend Box Office". Variety. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ ^a ^b D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 8, 2018). "'A Quiet Place' Screams To $50M+ Opening; 'Blockers' Breaks Through To $21M+ – Early Sunday Update". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on April 8, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 15, 2018). "The Rock Rebounds: 'Rampage' Shushes 'A Quiet Place' With $34M+ No. 1 Opening". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on May 18, 2019. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
^ Erbland, Kate (January 9, 2018). "The 20 Highest Grossing Indies of 2018 (A Running List) – IndieWire". IndieWire. Archived from the original on June 24, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
^ "Chappaquiddick (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Archived from the original on October 25, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
^ "Chappaquiddick Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
^ Brockington, Ariana (March 29, 2018). "'Chappaquiddick': 'Powerful People' Pressured Studio Not to Release Film, CEO Says". Variety. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
^ Mccallum, Martha (April 2, 2018). "Former 'Dreamer' slams Trump over immigration proposals". Fox News. Archived from the original on April 17, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018. But I have to say, Martha, the most obvious suspect would be Christopher Dodd, he was a former senator from Connecticut, a good big, long-time drinking buddy and pal of Ted Kennedy. They were involved in many numerous escapades in D.C. And he later became the president of the Motion Picture Association of America, the MPAA, until last December. And I think he would be the one who would make the overture to Byron Allen to stop it.
^ Gabler, Neal (April 6, 2018). "'Chappaquiddick' Distorts a Tragedy". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
^ McNeil, Liz (March 28, 2018). "Mary Jo Kopechne's Family on Ted Kennedy and Chappaquiddick: 'The Truth Has Never Really Come Out'". People. Time. Archived from the original on April 17, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
^ Steyn, Mark (April 14, 2018). "Chappaquiddick (review)". The Mark Steyn Club. Mark Steyn Enterprises. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2018.

External links

[hollywoodreporter1-1] McCarthy, Todd (September 10, 2017). "'Chappaquiddick' Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved October 21, 2017.

[2] Shanahan, Mark (May 11, 2018). "Neil deGrasse Tyson isn't over the moon about 'Chappaquiddick'". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on May 14, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2018.

[3] "Chappaquiddick (2018)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on July 17, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2018.

[chtbferg-4] "Charge to Be Filed Against Kennedy". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. July 20, 1969. p. 1A. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved March 13, 2021.

[mptzap276p1-5] Putzel, Michael; Pyle, Richard (February 22, 1976). "Chappaquiddick (part 1)". Lakeland Ledger. (Florida). Associated Press. p. 1B. Archived from the original on May 28, 2022. Retrieved March 13, 2021.

[mptzap276p2-6] Putzel, Michael; Pyle, Richard (February 29, 1976). "Chappaquiddick (part 2)". Lakeland Ledger. (Florida). Associated Press. p. 1B. Archived from the original on May 28, 2022. Retrieved March 13, 2021.

[unjj-7] Jacoby, Jeff (July 24, 1994). "Unlike Kopechne, the questions have never died". The Day. New London, Connecticut. The Boston Globe. p. C9. Archived from the original on May 28, 2022. Retrieved March 13, 2021.

[adds15Aug-8] Pond, Steve (August 15, 2017). "Aaron Sorkin, Brie Larson, Louis CK Movies Added to Toronto Film Festival Lineup". TheWrap. Archived from the original on June 19, 2018. Retrieved August 15, 2017.

[April-9] Thompson, Ann (October 20, 2017). "'Chappaquiddick' Moves Out of the Crowded Awards Season — Exclusive". IndieWire. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved November 6, 2017.

[10] Giles, Jeff (April 5, 2018). "A Quiet Place and Blockers Are Certified Fresh". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Archived from the original on April 6, 2018. Retrieved April 5, 2018.

[deadline1-11] Busch, Anita (April 25, 2016). "Jason Clarke Cast As Ted Kennedy In 'Chappaquiddick' Movie". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on August 18, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2017.

[deadline2-12] Busch, Anita (July 7, 2016). "Kate Mara & Ed Helms Joining 'Chappaquiddick' Movie". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on July 5, 2017. Retrieved June 24, 2017.

[deadline3-13] Busch, Anita (July 20, 2016). "Bruce Dern Will Portray Joe Kennedy In 'Chappaquiddick'". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on September 2, 2017. Retrieved June 24, 2017.

[deadline4-14] Hipes, Patrick (August 31, 2016). "Jim Gaffigan & Olivia Thirlby Join 'Chappaquiddick'". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on August 1, 2017. Retrieved June 24, 2017.

[15] Jaafar, Ali (December 14, 2015). "Sam Taylor-Johnson Finds 'Fifty Shades' Racy Follow-up In Ted Kennedy Scandal 'Chappaquiddick'". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2017.

[ASC-16] Marcks, Iain (May 2018). "Truth and Consequences". American Cinematographer. Vol. 99, no. 5. Hollywood, California, United States: American Society of Cinematographers. p. 43.

[deadline-17] Busch, Anita (September 8, 2017). "'Chappaquiddick': Ted Kennedy Tragedy Movie Acquired By Byron Allen in Toronto". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2017.

[18] Siegel, Tatiana (September 27, 2017). "Ted Kennedy Movie 'Chappaquiddick' Release Date Set for Dec. 8 (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on October 22, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017.

[preview-19] Rubin, Rebecca (April 3, 2018). "'A Quiet Place' Looks to Make Noise at Weekend Box Office". Variety. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2018.

[opening-20] D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 8, 2018). "'A Quiet Place' Screams To $50M+ Opening; 'Blockers' Breaks Through To $21M+ – Early Sunday Update". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on April 8, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2018.

[21] D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 15, 2018). "The Rock Rebounds: 'Rampage' Shushes 'A Quiet Place' With $34M+ No. 1 Opening". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on May 18, 2019. Retrieved April 17, 2018.

[22] Erbland, Kate (January 9, 2018). "The 20 Highest Grossing Indies of 2018 (A Running List) – IndieWire". IndieWire. Archived from the original on June 24, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2018.

[23] "Chappaquiddick (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Archived from the original on October 25, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2021.

[24] "Chappaquiddick Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2018.

[25] Brockington, Ariana (March 29, 2018). "'Chappaquiddick': 'Powerful People' Pressured Studio Not to Release Film, CEO Says". Variety. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2018.

[26] Mccallum, Martha (April 2, 2018). "Former 'Dreamer' slams Trump over immigration proposals". Fox News. Archived from the original on April 17, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018. But I have to say, Martha, the most obvious suspect would be Christopher Dodd, he was a former senator from Connecticut, a good big, long-time drinking buddy and pal of Ted Kennedy. They were involved in many numerous escapades in D.C. And he later became the president of the Motion Picture Association of America, the MPAA, until last December. And I think he would be the one who would make the overture to Byron Allen to stop it.

[27] Gabler, Neal (April 6, 2018). "'Chappaquiddick' Distorts a Tragedy". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2018.

[28] McNeil, Liz (March 28, 2018). "Mary Jo Kopechne's Family on Ted Kennedy and Chappaquiddick: 'The Truth Has Never Really Come Out'". People. Time. Archived from the original on April 17, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018.

[29] Steyn, Mark (April 14, 2018). "Chappaquiddick (review)". The Mark Steyn Club. Mark Steyn Enterprises. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2018.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]