Cadherin-2

CDH2
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1NCG, 1NCH, 1NCI, 1NCJ, 1OP4, 2QVI, 3Q2W, 4NUM, 4NUP, 4NUQ
Identifiers
Aliases	CDH2, CD325, CDHN, CDw325, NCAD, cadherin 2, ACOGS, ARVD14
External IDs	OMIM: 114020; MGI: 88355; HomoloGene: 20424; GeneCards: CDH2; OMA:CDH2 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 18 (human)[1] Band 18q12.1 Start 27,932,879 bp[1] End 28,177,946 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 18 (mouse)[2] Band 18 A1|18 10.1 cM Start 16,721,934 bp[2] End 16,942,303 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in right ventricle ventricular zone stromal cell of endometrium myocardium myocardium of left ventricle endothelial cell ganglionic eminence cardiac muscle tissue of right atrium Brodmann area 23 middle temporal gyrus Top expressed in median eminence atrium lateral septal nucleus myocardium of ventricle ventromedial nucleus lateral geniculate nucleus cardiac muscle tissue of left ventricle dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus mammillary body arcuate nucleus More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function calcium ion binding gamma-catenin binding metal ion binding protein binding enzyme binding protein phosphatase binding alpha-catenin binding protein kinase binding beta-catenin binding identical protein binding cytoskeletal protein binding protein homodimerization activity cadherin binding Cellular component cytoplasm integral component of membrane membrane intercalated disc cell-cell junction focal adhesion plasma membrane raft adherens junction plasma membrane synapse basolateral plasma membrane apical plasma membrane cortical actin cytoskeleton catenin complex fascia adherens extracellular exosome lamellipodium postsynaptic density sarcolemma endoplasmic reticulum lumen cell surface cell junction extracellular matrix integral component of plasma membrane neuron projection apical part of cell collagen-containing extracellular matrix integral component of presynaptic active zone membrane integral component of postsynaptic specialization membrane Biological process calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules heterophilic cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules blood vessel morphogenesis homeostasis of number of cells positive regulation of muscle cell differentiation regulation of postsynaptic density protein 95 clustering glial cell differentiation neuroepithelial cell differentiation cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin radial glial cell differentiation neuronal stem cell population maintenance regulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation telencephalon development neuroligin clustering involved in postsynaptic membrane assembly positive regulation of synaptic vesicle clustering cell adhesion regulation of signal transduction cerebral cortex development striated muscle cell differentiation adherens junction organization cell migration negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway positive regulation of MAPK cascade homophilic cell adhesion via plasma membrane adhesion molecules brain morphogenesis post-translational protein modification protein localization to plasma membrane cell morphogenesis cell-cell junction assembly synapse assembly regulation of axonogenesis regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic cell-cell adhesion Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 1000 12558 Ensembl ENSG00000170558 ENSMUSG00000024304 UniProt P19022 P15116 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001308176 NM_001792 NM_007664 RefSeq (protein) NP_001295105 NP_001783 NP_001783.2 NP_031690 Location (UCSC) Chr 18: 27.93 – 28.18 Mb Chr 18: 16.72 – 16.94 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Cadherin-2 also known as Neural cadherin (N-cadherin), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH2 gene.[5][6][7] CDH2 has also been designated as CD325 (cluster of differentiation 325). Cadherin-2 is a transmembrane protein expressed in multiple tissues and functions to mediate cell–cell adhesion. In cardiac muscle, Cadherin-2 is an integral component in adherens junctions residing at intercalated discs, which function to mechanically and electrically couple adjacent cardiomyocytes. Alterations in expression and integrity of Cadherin-2 has been observed in various forms of disease, including human dilated cardiomyopathy. Variants in CDH2 have also been identified to cause a syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder.[8]

Structure

Cadherin-2 is a protein with molecular weight of 99.7 kDa, and 906 amino acids in length.[9] Cadherin-2, a classical cadherin from the cadherin superfamily, is composed of five extracellular cadherin repeats, a transmembrane region and a highly conserved cytoplasmic tail. Cadherin-2, as well as other cadherins, interact with Cadherin-2 on an adjacent cell in an anti-parallel conformation, thus creating a linear, adhesive "zipper" between cells.[10]

Function

Cadherin-2, originally named Neural cadherin for its role in neural tissue, plays a role in neurons and later was found to also play a role in cardiac muscle and in cancer metastasis. Cadherin-2 is a transmembrane, homophilic glycoprotein belonging to the calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecule family. These proteins have extracellular domains that mediate homophilic interactions between adjacent cells, and C-terminal, cytoplasmic tails that mediate binding to catenins, which in turn interact with the actin cytoskeleton.[11][12][13]

Role in development

Cadherin-2 plays a role in development as a calcium dependent cell–cell adhesion glycoprotein that functions during gastrulation and is required for establishment of left-right asymmetry.[14]

Cadherin-2 is widely expressed in the embryo post-implantation, showing high levels in the mesoderm with sustained expression through adulthood.[15] Cadherin-2 mutation during development has the most significant effect on cell adhesion in the primitive heart; dissociated myocytes and abnormal heart tube development occur.[16] Cadherin-2 plays a role in the development of the vertebrate heart at the transition of epithelial cells to trabecular and compact myocardial cell layer formation.[17] An additional study showed that myocytes expressing a dominant negative Cadherin-2 mutant showed significant abnormalities in myocyte distribution and migration towards the endocardium, resulting in defects in trabecular formation within the myocardium.[18][19]

Role in cardiac muscle

In cardiac muscle, Cadherin-2 is found at intercalated disc structures which provide end-on cell–cell connections that facilitate mechanical and electrical coupling between adjacent cardiomyocytes. Within intercalated discs are three types of junctions: adherens junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions;[20] Cadherin-2 is an essential component in adherens junctions, which enables cell–cell adhesion and force transmission across the sarcolemma.[21] Cadherin-2 complexed to catenins has been described as a master regulator of intercalated disc function.[22] Cadherin-2 appears at cell–cell junctions prior to gap junction formation,[23][24] and is critical for normal myofibrillogenesis.[25] Expression of a mutant form of Cadherin-2 harboring a large deletion in the extracellular domain inhibited the function of endogenous Cadherin-2 in adult ventricular cardiomyocytes, and neighboring cardiomyocytes lost cell–cell contact and gap junction plaques as well.[26]

Mouse models employing transgenesis have highlighted the function of N-cadherin in cardiac muscle. Mice with altered expression of N-cadherin and/or E-cadherin showed a dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype, likely due to malfunction of intercalated discs.[27] In agreement with this, mice with ablation of N-cadherin in adult hearts via a cardiac-specific tamoxifen-inducible Cre N-cadherin transgene showed disrupted assembly of intercalated discs, dilated cardiomyopathy, impaired cardiac function, decreased sarcomere length, increased Z-line thickness, decreases in connexin 43, and a loss in muscular tension. Mice died within two months of transgene expression, mainly due to spontaneous Ventricular tachycardia.[28] Further analysis of N-cadherin knockout mice revealed that the arrhythmias were likely due to ion channel remodeling and aberrant Kv1.5 channel function. These animals showed a prolonged action potential duration, reduced density of inward rectifier potassium channel and decreased expression of Kv1.5, KCNE2 and cortactin combined with disrupted actin cytoskeleton at the sarcolemma.[29]

Role in neurons

In neural cells, at certain central nervous system synapses, presynaptic to postsynaptic adhesion is mediated at least in part by Cadherin-2.[30] N-cadherins interact with catenins to play an important role in learning and memory (For full article see Cadherin-catenin complex in learning and memory). Loss of N-cadherin is also associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in humans, and impaired synaptic functioning. [31]

Role in cancer metastasis

Cadherin-2 is commonly found in cancer cells and provides a mechanism for transendothelial migration. When a cancer cell adheres to the endothelial cells of a blood vessel it up-regulates the src kinase pathway, which phosphorylates beta-catenins attached to both Cadherin-2 (this protein) and E-cadherins. This causes the intercellular connection between two adjacent endothelial cells to fail and allows the cancer cell to slip through.[32]

Clinical significance

Variants in CDH2 have been identified to cause a syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by Corpus callosum, axon, cardiac, ocular, and genital differences.[8]

One study investigating genetic underpinnings of obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette disorder found that while CDH2 variants are likely not disease-causing as single entities, they may confer risk when examined as part of a panel of related cell–cell adhesion genes.[33] Further studies in larger cohorts will be required to unequivocally determine this.

In human dilated cardiomyopathy, it was shown that Cadherin-2 expression was enhanced and arranged in a disarrayed fashion, suggesting that disorganization of Cadherin-2 protein in heart disease may be a component of remodeling.[34]

Interactions

Cadherin-2 has been shown to interact with:

• Beta-catenin,[35][36]
• CDH11,[35]
• type IIb RPTPs including PTPmu (CTNND1),[35][36]
• CTNNA1,[35][36]
• LRRC7,[37]
• PTPRM)[38][39]
• PTPrho (PTPRT),[40] and
• Plakoglobin.[35][41]
• XIRP1[42]
• SCARB2[43]

See also

• ADH-1

References

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22. Vite A, Radice GL (June 2014). "N-cadherin/catenin complex as a master regulator of intercalated disc function". Cell Communication & Adhesion. 21 (3): 169–79. doi:10.3109/15419061.2014.908853. PMC 6054126. PMID 24766605.
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Further reading

• Doherty P, Smith P, Walsh FS (1997). "Shared cell adhesion molecule (CAM) homology domains point to CAMs signalling via FGF receptors". Perspectives on Developmental Neurobiology. 4 (2–3): 157–68. PMID 9168198.
• Makrigiannakis A, Coukos G, Blaschuk O, Coutifaris C (2000). "Follicular atresia and luteolysis. Evidence of a role for N-cadherin". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 900 (1): 46–55. Bibcode:2000NYASA.900...46M. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06215.x. PMID 10818391. S2CID 30583247.
• Hazan RB, Qiao R, Keren R, Badano I, Suyama K (April 2004). "Cadherin switch in tumor progression". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1014 (1): 155–63. Bibcode:2004NYASA1014..155H. doi:10.1196/annals.1294.016. PMID 15153430. S2CID 37486403.
• Cavallaro U (December 2004). "N-cadherin as an invasion promoter: a novel target for antitumor therapy?". Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs. 5 (12): 1274–8. PMID 15648948.
• Salomon D, Ayalon O, Patel-King R, Hynes RO, Geiger B (May 1992). "Extrajunctional distribution of N-cadherin in cultured human endothelial cells". Journal of Cell Science. 102 ( Pt 1) (1): 7–17. doi:10.1242/jcs.102.1.7. PMID 1500442.
• Knudsen KA, Wheelock MJ (August 1992). "Plakoglobin, or an 83-kD homologue distinct from beta-catenin, interacts with E-cadherin and N-cadherin". The Journal of Cell Biology. 118 (3): 671–9. doi:10.1083/jcb.118.3.671. PMC 2289540. PMID 1639850.
• Reid RA, Hemperly JJ (October 1990). "Human N-cadherin: nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence". Nucleic Acids Research. 18 (19): 5896. doi:10.1093/nar/18.19.5896. PMC 332345. PMID 2216790.
• Walsh FS, Barton CH, Putt W, Moore SE, Kelsell D, Spurr N, Goodfellow PN (September 1990). "N-cadherin gene maps to human chromosome 18 and is not linked to the E-cadherin gene". Journal of Neurochemistry. 55 (3): 805–12. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb04563.x. PMID 2384753. S2CID 29840435.
• Selig S, Bruno S, Scharf JM, Wang CH, Vitale E, Gilliam TC, Kunkel LM (April 1995). "Expressed cadherin pseudogenes are localized to the critical region of the spinal muscular atrophy gene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 92 (9): 3702–6. Bibcode:1995PNAS...92.3702S. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.9.3702. PMC 42029. PMID 7731968.
• Wallis J, Fox MF, Walsh FS (July 1994). "Structure of the human N-cadherin gene: YAC analysis and fine chromosomal mapping to 18q11.2". Genomics. 22 (1): 172–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1358. PMID 7959764.
• Andersson AM, Edvardsen K, Skakkebaek NE (August 1994). "Expression and localization of N- and E-cadherin in the human testis and epididymis". International Journal of Andrology. 17 (4): 174–80. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.1994.tb01239.x. PMID 7995652.
• Matsuyoshi N, Imamura S (June 1997). "Multiple cadherins are expressed in human fibroblasts". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 235 (2): 355–8. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.6707. PMID 9199196.
• Navarro P, Ruco L, Dejana E (March 1998). "Differential localization of VE- and N-cadherins in human endothelial cells: VE-cadherin competes with N-cadherin for junctional localization". The Journal of Cell Biology. 140 (6): 1475–84. doi:10.1083/jcb.140.6.1475. PMC 2132661. PMID 9508779.
• Gaidar YA, Lepekhin EA, Sheichetova GA, Witt M (February 1998). "Distribution of N-cadherin and NCAM in neurons and endocrine cells of the human embryonic and fetal gastroenteropancreatic system". Acta Histochemica. 100 (1): 83–97. doi:10.1016/s0065-1281(98)80008-1. PMID 9542583.
• Kremmidiotis G, Baker E, Crawford J, Eyre HJ, Nahmias J, Callen DF (May 1998). "Localization of human cadherin genes to chromosome regions exhibiting cancer-related loss of heterozygosity". Genomics. 49 (3): 467–71. doi:10.1006/geno.1998.5281. PMID 9615235.
• Lu Q, Paredes M, Medina M, Zhou J, Cavallo R, Peifer M, et al. (February 1999). "delta-catenin, an adhesive junction-associated protein which promotes cell scattering". The Journal of Cell Biology. 144 (3): 519–32. doi:10.1083/jcb.144.3.519. PMC 2132907. PMID 9971746.
• Shan WS, Tanaka H, Phillips GR, Arndt K, Yoshida M, Colman DR, Shapiro L (February 2000). "Functional cis-heterodimers of N- and R-cadherins". The Journal of Cell Biology. 148 (3): 579–90. doi:10.1083/jcb.148.3.579. PMC 2174798. PMID 10662782.
• Husi H, Ward MA, Choudhary JS, Blackstock WP, Grant SG (July 2000). "Proteomic analysis of NMDA receptor-adhesion protein signaling complexes". Nature Neuroscience. 3 (7): 661–9. doi:10.1038/76615. hdl:1842/742. PMID 10862698. S2CID 14392630.

External links

• CDH2+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• CDH2 human gene location in the UCSC Genome Browser.
• CDH2 human gene details in the UCSC Genome Browser.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.