This battle was fought by the forces of Tokugawa Ieyasu against a coalition led by Ishida Mitsunari, from which several commanders defected before or during the battle, leading to a Tokugawa victory. The Battle of Sekigahara was the largest battle of Japanese feudal history and is often regarded as the most important.
Mitsunari's defeat in the battle of Sekigahara is generally considered to be the beginning point of the Tokugawa shogunate, which ruled Japan for another two and a half centuries until 1868.[8]
In the years following the Imjin War and the death of Hideyoshi, factional disputes arose between Mitsunari and seven former Toyotomi generals including Katō Kiyomasa. Tokugawa Ieyasu gathered both Kiyomasa and Fukushima Masanori to his cause in a bid to challenge the opposition from Mitsunari, who claimed to fight on behalf of the Toyotomi clan.[11] At this time, political tensions were high in the capital; rumors circulated of assassination attempts towards Ieyasu, while a son of Maeda Toshiie, Toshinaga, was accused of being involved in such conspiracies and forced to submit to Ieyasu.[11]Uesugi Kagekatsu, one of Hideyoshi's regents, stood against Ieyasu by building up his army, which Ieyasu officially questioned, demanding answers from Kyoto about Kagekatsu's suspicious activity. Naoe Kanetsugu responded with a mocking letter highlighting Ieyasu's own violations of Hideyoshi's orders.[12]
Mitsunari met with Ōtani Yoshitsugu, Mashita Nagamori and Ankokuji Ekei, conspiring to raise an anti-Tokugawa army, of which Mōri Terumoto was appointed to be the overall commander. This coalition formed what came to be referred to as the Western Army. Terumoto immediately marched and captured Osaka Castle while the main army of the Tokugawa were still on their way to suppress Kagekatsu.[13]
At first, Mitsunari wanted to use Gifu Castle, which at that time was commanded by Oda Hidenobu (the grandson of Oda Nobunaga), and Ōgaki Castle as choke points to impede the advances of the Eastern Army (the Tokugawa-led coalition).[14] However, this plan was foiled by a number of campaign events:
Mitsunari realized that the Tokugawa army was heading towards Osaka Castle.[23]
Following these failures and the threat against Osaka Castle, Mitsunari changed his plan and prepared his army for an open battle on the field of Sekigahara against the main body of the Eastern Army, led by Ieyasu.[14] As preparation for this inevitable conflict, Ieyasu had purchased massive quantities of Tanegashima matchlocks.[23]
However, one day before the beginning of the battle, Kikkawa Hiroie, vassal of the Western Army-allied Mōri clan, colluded with the Eastern Army and promised that the Mōri clan would change sides during the battle, on the condition they would be pardoned after the war. Kuroda Yoshitaka and Kuroda Nagamasa served as representatives of the Eastern Army in this correspondence with Hiroie.[24] Hiroie and his senior retainer Fukubara Hirotoshi presented hostages to the Tokugawa side as proof for their cooperation with the latter.[25]
The battle
At dawn on October 21, 1600, the Tokugawa advance guard stumbled into Ishida's army; neither side saw each other because of dense fog caused by earlier rains. Both sides panicked and withdrew, but each was now aware of their adversary's presence.[23] Mitsunari placed his position in defensive formation, while Ieyasu deployed his forces south of the Western Army position. Last-minute orders were issued and the battle began. Traditional opinion has stated the battle began around 8:00 AM;[26] however, recent Japanese historians' research estimates that the battle actually began closer to 10:00 AM.[27][28][c]
The battle started when Ii Naomasa, previously heavily involved in the Battle of Gifu Castle, commanded his famed unit of 3,600 crimson-clad Ii no Akazoane ("Ii's red devils") to attack the center of the Western Army.[30][31] According to historian Watanabe Daimon, by many indications of the battle records, the assignment of Naomasa as ichiban-yari (the first unit to engage the enemy) suggests the armies may have already been settled before the battle. Fukushima Masanori concurred with Naomasa's intention to lead the first attack, as Naomasa was appointed by Ieyasu as the supreme field commander and was therefore responsible for all commands and strategies during the battle.[d]
Naomasa charged forward with 30 spearmen and clashed with the ranks of the Western Army.[32] Meanwhile, Fukushima Masanori advanced from his position, following Naomasa and immediately engaging with troops led by Ukita Hideie.[33]
At this point, the battle entered a deadlock. Ōta Gyūichi, who was present at the battle, wrote in his chronicle that "friends and foes are pushing each other" and "gunfire thunders while hails of arrows fly in the sky".[34][35] According to records from Spanish accounts, 19 cannons from the De Liefde [nl], a Dutch trading ship, were used by the Tokugawa army at this battle as well.[36][37]
Western Army defectors
During the battle of Sekigahara, several commanders of the Western Army changed sides, allying with the Tokugawa and changing the course of the battle. Perhaps the most notable of these defectors was Kobayakawa Hideaki, the nephew of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, whose disgruntlement with his uncle was exploited by the Tokugawa to sway his loyalty. Two prevailing theories exist regarding the timeline of Hideaki's defection:
The conventional theory regarding Hideaki's defection suggests that the defection occurred partway through the battle. Although he had agreed to defect to the Tokugawa side beforehand, Hideaki was allegedly hesitant during the battle and remained neutral, reportedly only joining the battle around noon as a member of the Eastern Army. Some later historical accounts claim that as the battle grew more intense, Ieyasu finally ordered his arquebuses to fire at Kobayakawa's position on Mt. Matsuo to force a choice.[38] This version allegedly originated from an anecdote about Hideaki dating to the Edo period.[27]
Modern Japanese researchers of Sekigahara, such as Jun Shiramine and Junji Mitsunari, have advanced the theory that Hideaki had already defected to the side of Tokugawa by the start of the battle, based on correspondence documents between Hideaki and Kuroda Nagamasa before the battle, as well as Ōtani Yoshitsugu's army position at the start of the battle suggesting foreknowledge by the Western Army of Hideaki's betrayal.[27] Historian Stephen Turnbull also argues that the sheer distance between the Eastern Army positions and that of Kobayakawa, far out of range of arquebuses and likely too far for a shot to even be heard, makes the "story about Ieyasu ordering ‘cannon-shot’ into his ranks" to force Hideaki's hand very unlikely.[38] Furthermore, Yūichi Goza explains that the story of Ieyasu shooting at Hideaki's location comes from secondary sources from the Edo period, suggesting it may have been the result of dramatization and embellishment from pro-Tokugawa shogunate historiography to aggrandize Ieyasu's success in Sekigahara.[39]
Regardless of what actually transpired, the turncoat Kobayakawa forces overwhelmed Yoshitsugu's position.[26] At the same time, Yoshitsugu's troops also engaged the units led by Tōdō Takatora,[40] and Oda Yūraku.[citation needed]
Following the defection of Hideaki, Western Army leaders Wakisaka Yasuharu, Ogawa Suketada, Akaza Naoyasu and Kutsuki Mototsuna also changed sides, further turning the battle in the Eastern Army's favor. These four commanders are recorded to have established contact and concluded deals with Tōdō Takatora, one of the main commanders of the Eastern Army, several days before the battle.[41]
Mōri Terumoto, then daimyō of the Mōri clan, also defected from the Western Army during the battle by keeping his forces entrenched at Osaka Castle rather than joining the battle, then sending his vassal Kikkawa Hiroie to quietly surrender to Ieyasu afterward.[42] Professor Yoshiji Yamasaki of Toho University states that any neutrality-for-territorial-preservation agreement was ineffective at best and badly backfired for the Mōri at worst, as their domains were greatly reduced by the Tokugawa following the battle, and some Mōri troops notably did fight with the Western Army at Sekigahara rather than maintaining their neutrality. Sentiments of defection were divided among the Mōri; Mōri Hidemoto, cousin of and commander under Terumoto, genuinely attempted to meet and aid the Western Army, though his efforts were sabotaged by Hiroie, who, under the pretense of being busy eating his meal, stationed his troops in front of Hidemoto, obstructing them from advancing and relieving Mitsunari. Hiroie also obstructed another Western Army contingent led by daimyō Chōsokabe Morichika from marching and attacking the Tokugawa forces.[43]
Collapse of the Western Army
One of the first and most notable weak points within the Western Army forces developed on Ukita Hideie's front. During the engagement, Hideie's forces began to wane and were steadily overcome by the forces of Fukushima Masanori due to the latter's superior troop quality.[45] The disparity in combat effectiveness may have been attributable to the prior insurrection within the Ukita clan, which caused many senior samurai vassals of the Ukita to desert and join the Tokugawa faction.[46] Hideie was thereby forced to enter Sekigahara with fresh recruits of rōnin mercenaries to fill the gap left within his army. This proved fatal over the course of long-term combat against the Fukushima clan's more disciplined and trained regular troops; the Ukita clan ranks began to break and finally collapse under pressure despite outnumbering the Fukushima.[45]
To the south, Ōtani Yoshitsugu was outnumbered in a successful attack led by Kobayakawa Hideaki; Yoshitsugu committed suicide and his troops retreated shortly thereafter.[47] The Ōtani retreat left the Western Army's right flank wide open, which Masanori and Hideaki then exploited to roll the flank of the Western Army. Mitsunari, realizing the situation was desperate, also began retreating his troops.[26] Meanwhile, Western Army commander Shima Sakon was engaged by the troops of Kuroda Nagamasa, who had taken a detour on the north to flank the Mitsunari and Sakon positions.[48] In the end, Sakon was shot and fatally wounded by a round from an arquebus.[49]
Following the capitulation of Sakon's unit, Shimazu Yoshihiro found his troops completely surrounded by Masanori and Honda Tadakatsu from the front, while Hideaki troops attacked his rear.[50][51] The Shimazu troops only managed to break their encirclement after devastating casualties, escaping with only 200 soldiers remaining; even then, they were pursued by Ii Naomasa until the latter was incapacitated by a shot from a rifleman.[52]
The Western Army forces continued to crumble without the arrival of reinforcements, further complicated by the waves of defections, until the battle had finally concluded.[26] Historian Andō Yūichirō estimated that the battle in Sekigahara took place in its entirety over a mere 2 hours - from 10 AM to noon - contrary to the Edo-period accepted theory of the battle lasting twice as long.[28]
Late arrivals
The combined Eastern Army forces of Tokugawa Hidetada and Sakakibara Yasumasa, who commanded as many as 38,000 soldiers, were at the time of the battle bogged down in the Siege of Ueda against Sanada Masayuki.[53] At the same time, 15,000 Western Army soldiers were being held up by 500 troops under Hosokawa Yūsai in the Siege of Tanabe in Maizuru, many of the former refusing to advance out of their respect for the Hosokawa.[54] Due to these incidents, large proportions of both armies' forces ultimately never participated in the clash at Sekigahara.[55]
Another Western Army contingent that failed to reach the Sekigahara battlefield was led by Tachibana Muneshige, who had been stalled by Kyōgoku Takatsugu in the Siege of Ōtsu.[56] As result, Muneshige was forced to remain at Osaka Castle after learning of the Western Army's annihilation at Sekigahara. However, when Mōri Terumoto (also at Osaka Castle) offered his surrender to the Eastern Army, Muneshige departed with his army and returned to his homeland in Kyushu.[57]
Aftermath
As soon as the news of the Eastern Army's victory at Sekigahara reached Ogaki Castle, which at the time was still besieged by Mizuno Katsunari, Western Army-affiliated garrison commander Akizuki Tanenaga immediately surrendered and opened the castle for Katsunari.[58] In response, Katsunari immediately wrote to Ii Naomasa asking that Ieyasu pardon Tanenaga, which Ieyasu accepted.[59]
The most prominent political effect of the Eastern Army victory in Sekigahara was the shifting authority to assign military ranks[60] and redistribute lands from the Toyotomi clan to Tokugawa Ieyasu.[61] Immediately following the battle, Ieyasu redistributed domains worth 6.8 million koku,[62] primarily as recompense for the allies instrumental in his victory:[63][64]
Fukushima Masanori had his 200,000-koku domain in the area of contemporary Aki District, Hiroshima, expanded to 498,000 koku
Horio Tadauji had his domains in Matsue, Izumo, expanded to 240,000 koku[67]
Ieyasu also bestowed increases of at least into 10,000 koku to many of his fudai daimyō (Tokugawa clan hereditary vassals) whose domain were less than 10,000 koku before the battle.
Notably, Kobayakawa Hideaki, whose defection from the Western Army contributed greatly to Ieyasu's victory, was bestowed a domain which covered parts of Bizen Province and Mimasaka Province and which was worth 520,000 koku.[68] Perhaps surprisingly, Ieyasu bestowed only meager domain increases to the three remaining Shitennō (Ii Naomasa, Honda Tadakatsu, and Sakakibara Yasumasa), his closest high-ranking generals, as compared to those he offered to newer commanders and vassals.[69][65] However, it is possible this perceived disparity was the result of those generals choosing to decline Ieyasu's offers of extensive compensation.[70][71][72]
As for the generals of the defeated Western Army, roughly 87 daimyō had their domains confiscated and their power stripped due to their support of Mitsunari in the battle.[73] The long-standing Chōsokabe clan, headed by Chōsokabe Morichika, was stripped of its title and domain of Tosa Province, which was consequently given to Yamauchi Kazutoyo in recognition of his service to the Tokugawa.[74] Several former Chōsokabe retainers resisted the forcible takeover by the Tokugawa and Yamauchi; in response, Ii Naomasa sent military reinforcements to assist Kazutoyo in suppressing the rebellion of Chōsokabe vassals in Tosa.[74] Suzuki Hyōe, vassal of Naomasa, relieved Kazutoyo with an army transported by 8 ships, ultimately pacifying the region in 5 weeks after killing about 273 enemies.[75][76]
On September 17, Ieyasu dispatched his army, led by Kobayakawa Hideaki, to attack Sawayama Castle in Ōmi Province, the home base of Mitsunari. Most of the castle's troops had been sent to Sekigahara, leaving the castle's garrison with only 2,800 men. Despite Mitsunari's absence, the defense of the castle was initially successful under the leadership of Mitsunari's father Ishida Masatsugu and brother Masazumi. Following the defection of retainer Moritomo Hasegawa and other defenders, the castle was opened to the besieging army; most of Mitsunari's relatives, including Masatsugu, Masazumi, and Mitsunari's wife Kagetsuin, were killed in battle or committed suicide.[77][f]
In response to Shimazu Yoshihiro's support of the Western Army, Ieyasu prepared a massive punitive expedition to Kyushu, to be led by his son Tokugawa Hidetada. This force was to be composed of Eastern Army forces thereupon engaged in the West, including the armies of Katō Kiyomasa, Kuroda Yoshitaka, Nabeshima Naoshige, and the Tachibana clan. However, this operation was aborted once Shimazu Yoshihisa, the head of the Shimazu clan, entered negotiations with Ieyasu. Shimazu-Tokugawa deliberations continued until 1602 and were aided by the intercession of Kiyomasa, Yoshitaka, and Tachibana Muneshige; ultimately, the Shimazu clan avoided punishment, becoming the only Western Army-aligned clan to avoid losing territory after the defeat at Sekigahara.[80]
In 1603, Ieyasu was officially appointed as shōgun by EmperorGo-Yōzei;[82][81][9] as such, the conclusion of the Battle of Sekigahara has served as the de facto beginning of the Edo period, and more generally, of the return of stability to Japan. In 1664, Hayashi Gahō, Tokugawa historian and rector of Yushima Seidō, wrote:
Evil-doers and bandits were vanquished and the entire realm submitted to Lord Ieyasu, praising the establishment of peace and extolling his martial virtue. That this glorious era that he founded may continue for ten thousands upon ten thousands of generations, coeval with heaven and earth.[83]
In 1931, the location of the battle was registered as a Monument of Japan. The positions of Ieyasu and Mitsunari's armies, and that of the death of Ōtani Yoshitsugu, are commemorated therein.[84]
The participants of the Battle of Sekigahara are listed below, with corresponding troop count estimates (in tens of thousands):
○ = Main daimyō who participated in the Battle of Sekigahara
October 20 – Ieyasu moves to Akasaka. The two coalitions make contact at Kuisegawa, near Akasaka. The Eastern force retreats to Sekigahara. The Western coalition heads to Sekigahara from Ogaki Castle.
October 21 – Battle of Sekigahara
October - Siege of Yanagawa: the last battle of the Kyūshū Sekigahara Campaign.
The 2000 real-time tactics video game Kessen is set during the conflict between the Tokugawa and Toyotomi clans, and features the Battle of Sekigahara.[86]
The 2011 grand strategy video game Total War: Shogun 2 includes Sekigahara as a historical battle, in which the player controls Mitsunari's Western Army.
The 2017 action RPG video game Nioh portrays events related to the battle.[87]
Appendix
Footnotes
^The Mikawa Monogatari chronicle has recorded that according to the letter of Konoe Motohisa which dated September 1600, the battle was taking place Aonogahara (Aono plain). Similarly, The Chronicles of Toshogu Shrine also stated Aonogahara as the place of the battle. In addition, in a letter by Kikkawa Hiroie and a kyoka poem also mention Aonogahara as the place which the battle occurred.[1]
^the memorandum about Sekigahara campaign has theorized that the castle was still not fallen at that moment. However, Yoshihiro saw the smoke soared high from the direction of Ōgaki castle and though the castle was already fallen, as Yoshihiro position at that moment were far from Ogaki castle after being beaten by Katsunari's forces before.[22]
^If the theory was true, Professor Watanabe Daimon surmised that this means Ii Naomasa acted as both supreme commander and the Ichiban-Yari unit (vanguard unit which was expected to draw first blood in medieval Japanese warfare).[2]
^professor Jun Shiramine argued this kind of map were relied solely on "Kuroda clan chronicles" record without considering other source materials.[44]
^After the castle fell in 1601, Naomasa appointed to take control to Sawayama Castle,[62] However, as Naomasa has no intention to keep the castle, he immediately dismantle the structures of Sawayama Castle, while its materials were moved to renovate and expand Hikone Castle, the traditional castle belonged to the Ii clan.[78][79]
^ abTsunoda Akio (2023). "【どうする家康 予習】関ヶ原合戦…江戸幕府の公式記録『徳川実紀』が伝える当日の様子を紹介:2ページ目". mag.japaaan.com (in Japanese). Japaaan Magazine. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 17 June 2024. The Chronicles of Toshogu Shrine" Volume 4, Year 5 of the Keicho Era "The Battle of Sekihara
^ abcyujirekishima (2023). "関ヶ原合戦と小早川秀秋…近年の研究動向を踏まえ、裏切りの真相にアプローチ!". Sengoku-his (in Japanese). sengoku-his.com. Retrieved 27 May 2024. referencing : Jun Shiramine, New Interpretation: The Truth of the Battle of Sekigahara: The Dramatized Battle of Tenka (Miyatai Publishing, 2014); Hiroyuki Shiba, "Tokugawa Ieyasu – From the lord of the border to the ruler of the nation" (Heibonsha, 2017) & "Illustrated Guide to Toyotomi Hideyoshi" edited by Hiroyuki Shiba (Ebisu Kosho Publishing, 2022)
^ abAndō yūichirō (安藤優一郎) (2022). "だから織田と豊臣はあっさり潰れた…徳川家康が「戦国最後の天下人」になれた本当の理由" [The reason why Oda and Toyotomi were easily defeated... Tokugawa Ieyasu was the "last of the Sengoku period."]. President Online (in Japanese). PRESIDENT Inc. pp. 1–5. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^pinon (2024). "「島津豊久」は父・家久と伯父・義弘の薫陶を受けた名将であった!" [Shimazu Toyohisa was a famous general who was mentored by his father, Iehisa, and his uncle, Yoshihiro!]. 戦国ヒストリー (in Japanese). sengoku-his.com. Retrieved 11 June 2024. References from:
Kirino Sakujin (関ヶ原島津退き口―敵中突破三〇〇里― / Shimazu's Retreat at Sekigahara: Breaking Through Enemy Lines 300 Miles (Gakken Publishing, 2010)
Niina Kazuhito (島津家久・豊久父子と日向国 / Shimazu Iehisa and Toyohisa, Father and Son, and Hyuga Province ) (Miyazaki Prefecture, 2017)
Niina Kazuhito (「不屈の両殿」島津義久・義弘 関ヶ原後も生き抜いた才智と武勇 / Shimazu Yoshihisa and Yoshihiro: The "Indomitable Princes" - The Wisdom and Bravery that Survived After Sekigahara ) (Kadokawa、2021年)
^Yūichi Goza (呉座勇一) (2023). "家康は「早く裏切れ」と小早川秀秋に催促したわけではない…関ヶ原合戦の「家康神話」が崩壊する衝撃的新説" [Ieyasu did not urge Kobayakawa Hideaki to "quickly betray"...A shocking new theory that collapses the "Ieyasu myth" of the Battle of Sekigahara]. PRESIDENT Online(プレジデントオンライン) (in Japanese). PRESIDENT inc. pp. 1–4. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^Tatsuo, Fujita (2018). 藤堂高虎論 -初期藩政史の研究 [Todo Takatora Theory - Research on the history of early feudal government]. 塙書房. ISBN978-4827312966.
^Watanabe Daimon. "関ヶ原合戦の前日、すでに毛利輝元は徳川家康と和睦していた!?" [The day before the Battle of Sekigahara, Mori Terumoto had already made peace with Tokugawa Ieyasu!]. rekishikaido (in Japanese). PHPオンライン. pp. 1–3. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
^Tomohiko Harada (原田伴彦) (1967). 関ケ原合戦前後: 転換期を生きた人々 [Before and after the Battle of Sekigahara: People who lived in a time of change] (in Japanese). 德間書店. p. 153. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
^Tomohiko Harada (原田伴彦) (1956). 関ヶ原合戦前後: 封建社会における人間の研究 [Before and After the Battle of Sekigahara: A Study of Humanity in Feudal Society] (in Japanese). 德間書店. p. 129. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
^Hamada Koichiro; University of Hyogo, Himeji Dokkyo University (2023). "「どうする家康」徳川家康の秀忠への怒りを解かせた、徳川四天王・榊原康政の直言" [“What should Ieyasu do?” The direct words of Yasumasa Sakakibara, one of the Four Heavenly Kings of Tokugawa, that relieved Tokugawa Ieyasu of his anger towards Hidetada.]. sengoku-his.com (in Japanese). Retrieved 26 May 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Jizaemon, Fuji, ed. (1979). 関ヶ原合戦史料集 [Sekigahara Battle Historical Materials Collection] (in Japanese). 新人物往来社. p. 421. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
^Shimomura Isao (下村効) (1994). "豊臣氏官位制度の成立と発展-公家成・諸大夫成・豊臣授姓-" [The Establishment and Development of the Toyotomi Clan's Official Rank System - Becoming a Court Noble, Becoming a Shodaifu, and Being Granted the Surname Toyotomi]. 日本史研究 (377): 1–26.
^Kyota Shimomura (下村効) (1994). "豊臣氏官位制度の成立と発展-公家成・諸大夫成・豊臣授姓-" [The Establishment and Development of the Toyotomi Clan Official Rank System - Becoming a Court Noble, Becoming a Shodaifu, and Being Given the Toyotomi Family Name]. 日本史研究 (377).
^ abMotoki Kuroda (黒田基樹) (2023). "石田三成の領地は井伊直政へ…関ヶ原合戦に勝ち680万石以上の所領配分権を手にした家康がしたこと" [Ishida Mitsunari's territory went to Ii Naomasa... What Ieyasu did after winning the Battle of Sekigahara and gaining the right to distribute over 6.8 million koku of land]. PRESIDENT Online(プレジデントオンライン) (in Japanese). PRESIDENT Inc. pp. 1–4. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
^林千寿 (2010). "慶長五年の戦争と戦後領国体制の創出-九州地域を素材として―" [The War of 500 Years of Keicho and the Creation of the Postwar Feudal System: Using the Kyushu Region as a Subject]. 日本歴史 (742号).
Bryant, Anthony (1995). Sekigahara 1600: The Final Struggle For Power. Osprey Campaign Series. Vol. 40. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN978-1-85532-395-7.
Davis, Paul (1999). "Sekigahara, 21 October 1600". 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-514366-9. Paul Davis used the following sources to compile the chapter "Sekigahara, 21 October 1600" in 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present "Sekigahara, 21 October 1600."
De Lange, William. Samurai Battles: The Long Road to Unification Groningen: Toyo Press, 2020
Sadler, A.L. The Maker of Modern Japan: The Life of Tokugawa Ieyasu London: George Allen & Unwin, 1937
Wilson, William Scott (2004). The Lone Samurai: The Life of Miyamoto Musashi. Tokyo: Kodansha International.
External links
SengokuDaimyo.com The website of samurai author and historian Anthony J. Bryant. Bryant is the author of the above-mentioned Sekigahara 1600: The Final Struggle for Power.
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Северный морской котик Самец Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:Синапсиды…
American politician and commentator (born 1977) Tudor DixonBornTudor Makary (1977-05-05) May 5, 1977 (age 46)EducationUniversity of Kentucky (BA)Political partyRepublicanSpouseAaron DixonChildren4WebsiteOfficial website Tudor Dixon (née Makary; born May 5, 1977) is an American politician, businesswoman and conservative political commentator.[1] A member of the Republican Party, Dixon was the party's nominee for Governor of Michigan in the 2022 election. She lost to incumbent D…
For other ships with the same name, see USS Rescue. This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Rescue History United States NameUSS Rescue In service1850 Out of service1851 FateReturned to owner General characteristics Tonnage91 long tons (92 t) Complement16 The first USS Rescue was a brig in serv…
Untuk keuskupan Katolik di Inggris, lihat Keuskupan Agung Birmingham. Untuk keuskupan Katolik di Amerika Serikat, lihat Keuskupan Birmingham di Alabama. Keuskupan BirminghamDioecesis BirminghamiensisLokasiProvinsi gerejawiCanterburyKediakonan agungAston, BirminghamStatistikParoki162Jemaat195InformasiKatedralGereja Katedral Santo FilipusKepemimpinan kiniUskupDavid Urquhart, Uskup BirminghamSufraganAnne Hollinghurst, Uskup AstonJonathan Goodall, Uskup EbbsfleetDiakon agungSimon Heathfield, De…
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Iraqi nationalist group This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article is missing information about the group from after 2007. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (January 2018) This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2010) …
Public park in Manhattan, New York Fountain in Albert Capsouto Park, looking toward the Holland Plaza Building on NW corner of Canal and Varick Albert Capsouto Park (formerly CaVaLa Park) is a triangular-shaped pocket park in the Tribeca neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It is bounded by Canal Street to the northeast, Varick Street to the west, and Laight Street to the south. It is located just east of the Holland Tunnel exit plaza, formerly known as St. John's Park.[1] G…
Lighthouse in Oregon, United States LighthouseTillamook Rock Light As seen in 1947LocationTillamook Head, Clatsop County, USCoordinates45°56′15″N 124°01′08″W / 45.9375°N 124.019°W / 45.9375; -124.019TowerConstructionconcrete (foundation), basalt (tower), brick (tower), iron (tower) Height62 ft (19 m) Shapesquare (tower), round (lantern) HeritageNational Register of Historic Places listed place LightFirst lit21 January 1881…
Greek chieftain of the Macedonian Struggle Kapetan (Chieftain)Antonios ZoisZois during the Macedonian Struggle.Native nameΑντώνιος ΖώηςBornc. 1869 (1869)Monastir, Monastir Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (now Bitola, Republic of North Macedonia)DiedApril 1941 (aged 71–72)Florina, Kingdom of GreeceAllegiance IMRO (1903) Kingdom of Greece Service/branch HMC Hellenic Army Battles/warsIlinden UprisingMacedonian StruggleBalkan Wars First Balkan War Second Balkan War AwardsCo…
2025 Cameroonian presidential election ← 2018 2025 2032 → Incumbent President Paul Biya RDPC Politics of Cameroon Constitution Human rights Government President (list) Paul Biya Prime Minister (list) Joseph Ngute Government Parliament Senate President: Marcel Niat Njifenji National Assembly President: Cavayé Yéguié Djibril Administrative divisions Regions Departments Communes Villages Elections Recent elections Presidential: 20182025 Parliamentary: 20202025 Political par…
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2019) ديانا فاريل معلومات شخصية الميلاد 16 مارس 1965 (59 سنة) بوغوتا مواطنة الولايات المتحدة الحياة العملية المدرسة الأم جامعة ويسليانجامعة هارفاردكلية ه…
Golf tournament in Ireland 36th Ryder Cup MatchesDates22–24 September 2006VenueThe K ClubLocationCounty Kildare, IrelandCaptainsIan Woosnam (Europe)Tom Lehman (USA) 181⁄2 91⁄2 Europe wins the Ryder Cup← 20042008 → K Clubclass=notpageimage| Location in Ireland The 36th Ryder Cup Matches were held 22–24 September 2006 in Ireland at the Palmer Course of the K Club in Straffan, County Kildare, west of Dublin. It was the first time the event was played in Ireland…
River in Nebraska, United States This article is about the Platte River in Nebraska. For other uses, see Platte River (disambiguation). Platte RiverNebraska River,[1] Shallow River,[1] Plato/Chato (spa), Meneo'hé'e (chy), Ñíbraxge (iow), Pȟaŋkéska Wakpá (lkt), Ní Btháska (oma), Kíckatus (paw)Platte River at Mahoney State ParkMap showing the Platte River watershed, including the North Platte and South Platte tributariesEtymologyFrench (flat river) and Chiwere (flat water…