Alfie (1966 film)

Alfie
Alfie
	Theatrical release poster
Directed by	Lewis Gilbert
Screenplay by	Bill Naughton
Based on	Alfie; by Bill Naughton
Produced by	Lewis Gilbert
Starring	Michael Caine; Millicent Martin; Julia Foster; Jane Asher; Shirley Anne Field; Vivien Merchant; Eleanor Bron; Shelley Winters;
Cinematography	Otto Heller
Edited by	Thelma Connell
Music by	Sonny Rollins
Production; company	Sheldrake Films
Distributed by	Paramount Pictures
Release date	24 March 1966 (United Kingdom);
Running time	114 minutes
Country	United Kingdom
Language	English
Budget	$500,000
Box office	$18.9 million

Alfie is a 1966 British comedy-drama film directed by Lewis Gilbert and starring Michael Caine. The Paramount Pictures release was adapted from the 1963 play of the same name by Bill Naughton. Following its premiere at the Plaza Theatre in the West End of London on 24 March 1966, the film became a box office success, enjoying critical acclaim, and influencing British cinema.

The narrative follows a young, womanising man leading a self-centred life, focused on his own enjoyment until events force him to question his uncaring behaviour, his loneliness, and his priorities. Alfie cheats on numerous women, treating them with disrespect, using them for sex and domestic affairs. He frequently breaks the fourth wall, speaking directly to the camera, narrating and justifying his actions, despite broad contradictions.

Plot

Alfie Elkins, a handsome, self-centered, narcissistic Cockney chauffeur in London, enjoys the sexual favours of married and single women while avoiding commitment. He is ending an affair with Siddie, a married woman, just as he gets his submissive girlfriend, Gilda, pregnant. Alfie thinks nothing of pilfering fuel and money from his employer and tells Gilda to do the same. Although he refuses to marry her, and despite his constant cheating, Gilda decides to have the child, Malcolm Alfred, and keep him rather than give him up.

Over time, Alfie becomes quite attached to his son, but his unwillingness to marry Gilda causes her to break up with him and marry Humphrey, a kindly bus conductor and neighbour who loves her and is willing to accept Malcolm Alfred as his own. Gilda bars Alfie from any further contact with Malcolm, forcing him to watch from a distance as Humphrey steps into his fatherly role. When a health check reveals Alfie has tubercular shadows on his lungs, the diagnosis and his fear of death, combined with his separation from his son, lead him to have a brief mental breakdown.

Alfie spends time recuperating in a pastoral sanatorium, where he befriends Harry, a fellow patient, a family man devoted to his frumpy wife, Lily. Alfie makes out with one of the nurses, disgusting Harry. When Alfie flippantly suggests that Lily might be cheating on him, Harry angrily confronts Alfie about his attitudes and behaviour.

Released from the convalescent home, Alfie briefly stops working as a chauffeur to take holiday photos of tourists near the Tower of London. He meets Ruby, an older, voluptuous, affluent and promiscuous American who, although accompanied by an older gentleman, gives him her address and telephone number.

Alfie returns to chauffeuring and drives a Rolls-Royce to the sanatorium to visit Harry. He finds Lily finishing a visit with her husband, who asks him to give his wife a ride back to London to save her an exhausting train ride. Neither initially wants to spend time together, but they agree in order to please Harry. Along the way, they stop for tea and then a canoe ride where Alfie seduces Lily.

Later, chauffeuring again, Alfie sees a young red-headed hitchhiker, Annie, who wants a fresh start in London. A lorry driver picks her up just before Alfie gets to her. He follows them to a cafe and steals her away to London. She moves into his bedsit where she proves preoccupied with a love left behind, scrubbing Alfie's floor, doing his laundry and preparing his meals to compensate. The lorry driver finds Alfie in a pub and punches him in the face, causing a bar brawl.

Coming home with a black eye, Alfie grows resentful of Annie and drives her out with an angry outburst, immediately regretting it. Around the same time, Lily informs him that she is pregnant from their one encounter, and they plan for her to have an abortion. Lily comes to his flat to meet the abortionist. During the procedure, Alfie leaves Lily and walks around. He catches sight of his son Malcolm outside a church and witnesses the baptism of Gilda and Humphrey's new daughter. The abortion traumatizes both Lily and Alfie; he breaks down in tears when seeing the aborted fetus, the first time he confronts the consequences of his actions.

Stressed by the situations with Annie and Lily, Alfie decides to change his non-committal ways and settle down with Ruby. However, visiting her, he finds a younger man in her bed. He comes across Siddie, but she has lost interest in him and returned to her husband. Alfie is left lonely, wondering about his life choices and the meaning of existence. A stray dog approaches him, and he takes it in his care as he walks off into the night.

Cast

Michael Caine as Alfie Elkins
Shelley Winters as Ruby
Millicent Martin as Siddie
Vivien Merchant as Lily Clamacraft
Jane Asher as Annie
Julia Foster as Gilda
Shirley Anne Field as Carla
Eleanor Bron as the Doctor
Denholm Elliott as the Abortionist
Alfie Bass as Harry Clamacraft
Graham Stark as Humphrey
Murray Melvin as Nat
Sydney Tafler as Frank
Queenie Watts (uncredited) as the Blonde Pub Singer
Pauline Boty (uncredited) as Laundress

Development

Director Lewis Gilbert bought the film rights with Leslie Grade. Grade sold his share to James Woolf who wanted Laurence Harvey to play the role. Gilbert did not think Harvey would be right but agreed only if Harvey played in the play on Broadway first. Harvey refused, electing to appear in Camelot instead.^[2]

Gilbert was going to make No Bail for the Judge with George Peppard for Paramount but the film fell over. Since Paramount still paid Gilbert his fee, Gilbert offered to make Alfie for them instead at half his usual fee. Terence Stamp read the script and wanted to do it for a reduced fee, which made Paramount happy as Stamp was doing The Collector for William Wyler. Gilbert insisted Stamp do the play on Broadway and Stamp agreed; the play flopped. "He really was bad," said Gilbert of Stamp, "he didn't have the experience." Stamp decided not to do the film. Gilbert says his son suggested Michael Caine who was a friend. Gilbert admired Caine's work in The Ipcress File and managed to get him approved by Paramount.^[2]

Filming

Viven Merchant was a last minute replacement for Rachel Roberts who had to drop out because her father was ill.^[4]

It was shot at Twickenham Studios with scenes shot at several locations in London;^[5] including Waterloo Bridge which is seen at the beginning and end of the film where the title character walks into the distance accompanied by a stray dog^[6] and Tower Bridge which is the backdrop for the photography scene with Shelley Winters.^[7]

The film is unusual in that it has no opening credits and the end credits feature photos of the principal actors, as well as of the main technical crew, including director Gilbert and cameraman Otto Heller.

Music

The original film soundtrack featured jazz saxophonist Sonny Rollins with London musicians including Stan Tracey on piano, who improvised "Little Malcolm Loves His Dad" (although never credited), Rick Laird on bass, Phil Seamen on drums, Ronnie Scott on tenor sax.

The Sonny Rollins album Alfie, orchestrated and conducted by Oliver Nelson, was recorded in the United States in January 1966. It features Rollins with J.J. Johnson – trombone (tracks 1 & 2), Jimmy Cleveland – trombone (tracks 3–6), Phil Woods – alto saxophone, Bob Ashton – tenor saxophone, Danny Bank – baritone saxophone, Roger Kellaway – piano, Kenny Burrell – guitar, Walter Booker – bass and Frankie Dunlop – drums

The title song, "Alfie", written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David, was sung by Cher over the film's closing credits in the US release reaching #32 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.^[8] It became a hit for British singer Cilla Black (Millicent Martin sang Alfie on its British release) and for Madeline Eastman and Dionne Warwick.

Reception

On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 97%, based on reviews from 29 critics, with an average rating of 8/10. The site's consensus states: "Anchored by Michael Caine's charmingly droll performance, Alfie is an equally raucous and heart-rending portrait of romance in the Swinging '60s."^[9]

Bosley Crowther, film reviewer for The New York Times, singled out Vivien Merchant's acting for particular praise:

There must be an abortion—a miserable and tragic thing, which Lewis Gilbert, who produced and directed, makes us sense in all its shabbiness and shame. But it is the performance of Miss Merchant as the woman brought to this shame, stunned and saddened by the necessity, deadened by her grief, that shocks us into feeling contempt for Alfie—and all the free-wheeling Alfies in this world.^[10]

The film was a huge box office hit. Lewis Gilbert says the film's success prompted Charles Bluhdorn (who bought Paramount Pictures in 1966) to make "around twenty pictures" without stars around $500,000 "and they all died".^[11]

Accolades

Award	Category	Nominee(s)	Result	Ref.
Academy Awards	Best Picture	Lewis Gilbert	Nominated	^[12]
	Best Actor	Michael Caine	Nominated
	Best Supporting Actress	Vivien Merchant	Nominated
	Best Screenplay – Based on Material from Another Medium	Bill Naughton	Nominated
	Best Song	"Alfie" Music by Burt Bacharach; Lyrics by Hal David	Nominated
British Academy Film Awards	Best British Film	Lewis Gilbert	Nominated	^[13]
	Best British Actor	Michael Caine	Nominated
	Best British Screenplay	Bill Naughton	Nominated
	Best British Cinematography – Colour	Otto Heller	Nominated
	Best British Film Editing	Thelma Connell	Nominated
	Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles	Vivien Merchant	Won
Cannes Film Festival	Palme d'Or	Lewis Gilbert	Nominated	^[14]
Cannes Film Festival	Special Jury Prize		Won	^[14]
Directors Guild of America Awards	Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures		Nominated	^[15]
Golden Globe Awards	Best English-Language Foreign Film		Won	^[16]
	Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama	Michael Caine	Nominated
	Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture	Vivien Merchant	Nominated
	Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture	Shelley Winters	Nominated
	Best Director – Motion Picture	Lewis Gilbert	Nominated
	Best Screenplay – Motion Picture	Bill Naughton	Nominated
	Best Original Song – Motion Picture	"Alfie" Music by Burt Bacharach; Lyrics by Hal David	Nominated
Grammy Awards	Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Show	Sonny Rollins	Nominated	^[17]
Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards	Best Actor	Michael Caine	Won	^[18]
Laurel Awards	Top Drama		4th Place	^[19]
	Top Female Supporting Performance	Shelley Winters	Nominated
	Top Song	"Alfie" Music by Burt Bacharach; Lyrics by Hal David	4th Place
National Board of Review Awards	Top Ten Films		3rd Place	^[20]
National Board of Review Awards	Best Supporting Actress	Vivien Merchant	Won	^[20]
National Society of Film Critics Awards	Best Actor	Michael Caine	Won	^[21]
Writers' Guild of Great Britain Awards	Best British Dramatic Screenplay	Bill Naughton	Won	^[22]

Legacy

The 1966 film was followed by Alfie Darling (1975), with Alan Price replacing Caine. An updated 2004 remake starred Jude Law in the title role.

References in popular culture

Much of the film's dialogue was sampled by the band Carter USM for their 1991 album 30 Something.
The LP, Nino Tempo's Rock 'N Roll Beach Party (1956 Liberty Records ... LRP3023) can be seen hanging in Alfie's apartment in several key scenes.
New York post-hardcore band Polar Bear Club references "Alfie Elkins '66" in their song "Drifting Thing" off their 2009 release Chasing Hamburg.
The soundtrack to Austin Powers in Goldmember (in which Caine co-stars) contains a song entitled "Alfie (What's It All About Austin)" performed by Susanna Hoffs. This song is a cover of the original film's title song, with all occurrences of "Alfie" replaced with "Austin". A deleted scene has the cast performing the song.
The film inspired The Divine Comedy's Becoming More Like Alfie, which samples its opening dialogue in its introduction.
Guitarist Jeff Beck quoted the title song's melody in his instrumental showpiece "Jeff's Boogie", released a few months after the film's premiere.
Singer/songwriter Tori Amos performed the theme as part of her repertoire as a teen, and references it in the song "Gold Dust" from her 2002 album Scarlet's Walk.
British Pop Art artist Pauline Boty makes a brief appearance as the manageress of a Dry-Cleaner's whom Alfie visits for sex. Boty died just over three months after the film's UK premiere.
In the second episode of the third season of Emily in Paris, Lily Collins sings the song Alfie.

References

^ "Alfie (X)". British Board of Film Classification. 7 January 1966. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c Fowler, Roy (1996). "Lewis Gilbert Side 11". British Entertainment History Project.
^ "Alfie (1966)". The Numbers. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
^ Fowler, Roy (1996). "Lewis Gilbert Side 12". British Entertainment History Project.
^ "Alfie (1966)". ReelStreets. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
^ Mitchell, Neil (11 May 2012). World Film Locations: London. Intellect. ISBN 978-1841504841.
^ "The South Bank Movie Trail" (PDF). Film London. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
^ The credits list Cher as the singer, but do not mention Bacharach and David.
^ "Alfie (1966)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
^ Crowther, Bosley; "'Alfie,' Story of a Cockney Anti-Hero, Begins Run Here: Movie More Effective Than Stage Play," The New York Times, 25 August 1966
^ "Interview with Lewis Gilbert Side 12". British Entertainment History Project. 1996.
^ "The 39th Academy Awards (1967) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
^ "BAFTA Awards: Film in 1967". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. 1977. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
^ "19ème Festival International du Film – Cannes". cinema-francais.fr (in French). Retrieved 4 June 2017.
^ "19th DGA Awards". Directors Guild of America Awards. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
^ "Alfie (1966) – Golden Globes". HFPA. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
^ "1966 Grammy Award Winners". Grammy.com. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
^ "KCFCC Award Winners – 1966-69". 14 December 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
^ "Alfie – Awards". IMDb. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
^ "National Board of Review of Motion Pictures :: Awards". Nbrmp.org. Archived from the original on 18 December 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
^ "Past Awards". National Society of Film Critics. 19 December 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
^ "Writers' Guild Awards 1966". Writers' Guild of Great Britain. Retrieved 3 June 2021.

External links

Alfie at IMDb
Alfie at AllMovie
Alfie at Rotten Tomatoes
"Michael Caine's Russian Home" (in Russian). caine-home.narod.ru. Retrieved 31 March 2008., Screenshots from the film

[1] "Alfie (X)". British Board of Film Classification. 7 January 1966. Retrieved 10 December 2023.

[eleven-2] Fowler, Roy (1996). "Lewis Gilbert Side 11". British Entertainment History Project.

[3] "Alfie (1966)". The Numbers. Retrieved 16 April 2012.

[twelve-4] Fowler, Roy (1996). "Lewis Gilbert Side 12". British Entertainment History Project.

[reelstreets-5] "Alfie (1966)". ReelStreets. Retrieved 6 November 2013.

[Locations-6] Mitchell, Neil (11 May 2012). World Film Locations: London. Intellect. ISBN 978-1841504841.

[filmLondon-7] "The South Bank Movie Trail" (PDF). Film London. Retrieved 6 November 2013.

[8] The credits list Cher as the singer, but do not mention Bacharach and David.

[9] "Alfie (1966)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 18 December 2022.

[10] Crowther, Bosley; "'Alfie,' Story of a Cockney Anti-Hero, Begins Run Here: Movie More Effective Than Stage Play," The New York Times, 25 August 1966

[11] "Interview with Lewis Gilbert Side 12". British Entertainment History Project. 1996.

[Oscars1967-12] "The 39th Academy Awards (1967) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2011.

[13] "BAFTA Awards: Film in 1967". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. 1977. Retrieved 3 June 2021.

[cinemafr-14] "19ème Festival International du Film – Cannes". cinema-francais.fr (in French). Retrieved 4 June 2017.

[15] "19th DGA Awards". Directors Guild of America Awards. Retrieved 3 June 2021.

[16] "Alfie (1966) – Golden Globes". HFPA. Retrieved 3 June 2021.

[17] "1966 Grammy Award Winners". Grammy.com. Retrieved 1 May 2011.

[18] "KCFCC Award Winners – 1966-69". 14 December 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2021.

[19] "Alfie – Awards". IMDb. Retrieved 3 June 2021.

[20] "National Board of Review of Motion Pictures :: Awards". Nbrmp.org. Archived from the original on 18 December 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.

[21] "Past Awards". National Society of Film Critics. 19 December 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2021.

[22] "Writers' Guild Awards 1966". Writers' Guild of Great Britain. Retrieved 3 June 2021.

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