Teori konspirasi jejak kimia

Teori konspirasi jejak kimia adalah klaim yang salah bahwa jejak kondensasi yang bertahan lama, yang disebut chemtrail (Bahasa Inggris dari "jejak kimia"), ditinggalkan di langit oleh pesawat yang terbang tinggi ataupun rendah, terdiri dari agen kimia atau biologi yang sengaja disemprotkan untuk tujuan jahat yang tidak diungkapkan kepada masyarakat umum.^[1] Orang yang memercayai teori ini berpendapat bahwa jejak kondensasi normal menghilang dengan cepat dan jejak kondensasi yang tidak hilang pasti mengandung zat tambahan.^[2]^[3] Argumen ini telah dibantah oleh komunitas ilmiah: jejak seperti itu adalah jejak berbasis air normal (jalur kondensasi) yang secara rutin ditinggalkan oleh pesawat yang terbang tinggi di bawah kondisi atmosfer tertentu.^[4] Meskipun para pendukung telah berusaha untuk membuktikan bahwa penyemprotan kimia yang diklaim memang terjadi, analisis mereka telah cacat atau berdasarkan kesalahpahaman.^[5]^[6]

Karena kegigihan teori konspirasi dan pertanyaan tentang keterlibatan pemerintah, ilmuwan dan agen pemerintah di seluruh dunia telah berulang kali menjelaskan bahwa seharusnya chemtrail sebenarnya adalah jejak kondensasi yang normal.^[2]^[7]^[8]

Istilah chemtrail adalah lakuran dari kata dalam Bahasa Inggris chemical (kimia) dan trail (jejak), seperti halnya contrail (jejak kondensasi) yang berasal dari kata condensation (kondensasi) dan trail (jejak).^[9] Orang-orang yang percaya dengan teori konspirasi ini berspekulasi bahwa tujuan pelepasan kimia yang diklaim dapat berupa pengelolaan radiasi matahari, manipulasi psikologis, kontrol populasi manusia, modifikasi cuaca, atau perang biologis atau kimiawi dan bahwa jalur tersebut menyebabkan penyakit pernafasan dan masalah kesehatan lainnya.^[2]^[1]^[10]

Sejarah

Teori konspirasi Chemtrail mulai beredar setelah Angkatan Udara Amerika Serikat (USAF) menerbitkan sebuah laporan 1996 tentang modifikasi cuaca.^[8] Setelah laporan tersebut, pada akhir 1990an, USAF dituduh "menyemprotkan populasi AS dengan zat misterius" dari pesawat terbang "menghasilkan pola contrail yang tidak biasa." "^[4]^[11] Teori diposkan di forum internet yang diposkan oleh orang-orang seperti Richard Finke Dan William Thomas; Mereka juga dibahas oleh pembawa acara radio larut malam Art Bell, dimulai pada tahun 1999.^[12]^[6]Sebagai teori konspirasi chemtrail menyebar, pejabat federal dibanjiri dengan panggilan marah dan surat-surat.^[8]^[2]

Sebuah tanggapan multi-badan yang berusaha menghilangkan rumor tersebut diterbitkan pada tahun 2000 oleh Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) dan National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) .^[13]^[14] Banyak orang percaya chemtrail menafsirkan lembar fakta agensi sebagai bukti lebih jauh tentang adanya penutupan pemerintah.^[2] EPA memperbarui posisinya pada tahun 2015.^[15]

Pada awal 2000-an, USAF merilis sebuah lembar fakta yang tidak bertanggal yang menyatakan bahwa teori konspirasi adalah tipuan yang sebagian didorong oleh kutipan pada makalah strategi 1996 yang disusun di dalam Air University berjudul Weather as Force Multiplier: Owning the Weather in 2025.^[16]^[17] Makalah ini dipresentasikan sebagai tanggapan atas perintah militer untuk menguraikan sistem modifikasi cuaca strategis di masa depan untuk mempertahankan dominasi militer Amerika Serikat pada tahun 2025, dan diidentifikasi sebagai "representasi fiksi situasi / skenario masa depan." "^[17] The USAF selanjutnya menjelaskan pada tahun 2005 bahwa makalah tersebut "tidak mencerminkan kebijakan militer, praktik, atau kemampuan militer saat ini," dan bahwa "tidak melakukan eksperimen atau program modifikasi cuaca dan tidak memiliki rencana untuk melakukannya di masa depan." "^[4]^[18] Selain itu, USAF menyatakan bahwa tipuan 'Chemtrail' telah diselidiki dan disangkal oleh banyak universitas dan organisasi terapan dan terakreditasi, organisasi ilmiah, dan publikasi media utama. "^[4]

Teori konspirasi jarang ditutupi oleh media arus utama, dan bila memang demikian, film tersebut biasanya dilemparkan sebagai contoh paranoia anti-pemerintah.^[3] Misalnya pada tahun 2013 ketika diumumkan bahwa CIA, NASA, dan NOAA bermaksud memberikan dana ke National Academy of Sciences untuk melakukan penelitian mengenai metode untuk melawan pemanasan global dengan geoengineering, sebuah artikel di International Business Times mengantisipasi bahwa " Gagasan dari setiap instansi pemerintah yang melihat cara untuk mengendalikan, atau memanipulasi, cuacanya akan dipenuhi dengan kecurigaan dan kekhawatiran akan konspirasi yang tidak benar. " Dan disebutkan teori konspirasi chemtrail sebagai contoh.^[19]

^[20] Keberadaan chemtrail dibantah oleh pemerintah dan ilmuwan di seluruh dunia.^[21] Bahkan Angkatan Udara Amerika Serikat menyatakan bahwa teori ini adalah hoax.

Referensi

^ ^a ^b Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama currsci
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Watson, Traci (7 March 2001). "Conspiracy theorists read between lines in the sky". USA Today. hlm. A.04. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-12-17. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-07. Exasperated by persistent questions, the Environmental Protection Agency, NASA, the Federal Aviation Administration and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration joined forces last fall to publish a fact sheet explaining the science of contrail formation. A few months earlier, the Air Force had put out its own fact sheet, which tries to refute its opponents' arguments point by point. "If you try to pin these people down and refute things, it's, 'Well, you're just part of the conspiracy,' " says atmospheric scientist Patrick Minnis of NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Va. "Logic is not exactly a real selling point for most of them."
^ ^a ^b Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama knight
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Contrails Facts" (PDF). US Air Force. 13 October 2005. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 6 March 2013.
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama barium
^ ^a ^b Thomas, Dave (September 2008). "The 'Chemtrail Conspiracy'". Skeptical Inquirer. 18 (3).
^ Cama, Timothy (March 13, 2015). "EPA confronts 'chemtrails' conspiracy talk". the Hill. Diakses tanggal December 10, 2016. Conspiracy theorists say that government officials or others are using jets to spray harmful chemicals into the atmosphere. They cite the contrails left by jets as evidence of the chemicals. The EPA has added a new notice to its website, which links to a fact sheet explaining that the trails left by jets in the atmosphere are only ice particles and contain no harmful chemicals. “Contrails are line-shaped clouds or ‘Condensation trails’ composed of ice particles that are visible behind jet aircraft engines under certain atmospheric conditions and at times can persist,” says the notice, posted to the EPA’s website Friday. “EPA is not aware of any deliberate actions to release chemical or biological agents into the atmosphere.” Theorists have posited that the chemicals are meant to control the climate, to harm humans or to kill them. The fact sheet from the EPA and other federal agencies like the Federal Aviation Administration and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration was first published in 2000, when the chemtrails conspiracy became popular on the Web. An EPA spokeswoman said the agency frequently receives questions about chemtrails.
^ ^a ^b ^c Smith, Oliver (September 24, 2013). "'Chemtrails' and other aviation conspiracy theories". telegraph.co.uk. the Telegraph. Diakses tanggal December 11, 2016. So persistent is the chemtrail theory that US government agencies regularly receive calls from irate citizens demanding an explanation...The conspiracy theory took root in the Nineties, with the publication of a US Air Force research paper about weather modification...Governments and scientific institutions have of course dismissed the theories, and claim those vapour trails which persist for longer than usual, or disperse to cover a wide area, are just normal contrails.
^ "chemtrail". Oxford English Dictionary (edisi ke-Third). Oxford University Press. December 2011. (perlu berlangganan)
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama weatherwise
^ Paul Simons (27 September 2013). "Weather Eye: contrail conspiracy". The Times. This conspiracy idea took hold in 1996 when the US Government was accused of trying to modify the weather for military means (perlu berlangganan)
^ Reynolds, Jay (March 1, 1999). "Those Mysterious Lines in the Sky". Veritas. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal August 17, 2000. , cited in USAF Contrails page.
^ "Aircraft Contrails Factsheet" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. September 2000.
^ Knickerbocker, Brad (14 March 2015). "EPA debunks 'chemtrails,' further fueling conspiracy theories (+video)". Christian Science Monitor.
^ Cama, Timothy (13 March 2015). "EPA confronts 'chemtrails' conspiracy talk". TheHill.
^ "The "Chemtrail" Hoax". Air Force. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 December 2002. Diakses tanggal 7 May 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Weather as a Force Multiplier: Owning the Weather in 2025". Fas.org. 1996. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 16, 2009.
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama EPA
^ Poladian, Charles (22 July 2013). "CIA Exploring Geoengineering, Ways To Control Weather, To Reverse Globing Warming: Report". International Business Times.
^
See:
- Darling, John (February 16, 2009). "Closed-door policy at Ashland City Hall City: officials say loud, menacing people spurred new rules on access". Mail Tribune. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-07.
- "Part 1: Written Questions for Answer on Wednesday 14 December 2005". Business:House of Commons:The "Question Book" - Part 1:Session 2005 - 06. United Kingdom Parliament. Revised 14 December 2005. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-06-05. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-12. 124 Mr David Drew (Stroud):To ask the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, what research her Department has undertaken into the polluting effects of chemtrails for aircraft.
- "Part 1: Written Questions for Answer on Wednesday 2 November 2005". House of Commons:The "Question Book" - Part 1:Session 2005 - 06:(24464). United Kingdom Parliament. Revised 2 November 2005. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-12. 124 Mr David Drew (Stroud):To ask the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, what research her Department has undertaken into the polluting effects of chemtrails for aircraft.
- Squires, Jennifer (03/06/2009 06:44:22 AM PST). "Sonic boom remains a mystery". Sentinel staff writer. mercurynews.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-10-28. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-13.
- Fitzpatrick, Josh (1:43 PM Mar 9, 2009). "Ask Josh: Contrails". WSAZ Blog Listing. www.wsaz.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-03-15. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-13.
- Roylance, Frank (February 17, 2009). "High-altitude U-turn ... What was that about?". Blog. marylandweather.com. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-13.
^
See:
- Duda, David (2006-05-05). "Contrails" (PDF). Hampton University/NASA LaRC. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2010-07-31. Diakses tanggal 2009-05-06.
- G. Brewer, Peter (2007-06-5). "Evaluating a technological fix for climate". doi: 10.1073/pnas.0703892104. PMCID: PMC1891232. PNAS Journal. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-11.
- Purdey, Mark (Received 20 January 2004; accepted 13 February 2004.). "Elevated silver, barium and strontium in antlers, vegetation and soils sourced from CWD cluster areas: Do Ag/Ba/Sr piezoelectric crystals represent the transmissible pathogenic agent in TSEs?". Medical Hypoteses. High Barn Farm, Elworthy, Taunton, Somerset TA4 3PX, UK: Elsevier Ltd. 63 (2): Pages 211–225 (2004). doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2004.02.041. Diakses tanggal March. ;

Pranala luar

Chemtrails in the Skeptic's Dictionary
Curious Contrails: Death from the Sky? Diarsipkan 2009-08-15 di Wayback Machine., Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
NASA Diarsipkan 2014-07-30 di Wayback Machine. Langley's Contrail Page
EPA Non-road Engines, Equipment, and Vehicles pollution information
NASA Diarsipkan 2011-07-21 di Wayback Machine. Presentation explaining the formation of and problems presented by persistent contrails
Science Project: Contrail Studies Diarsipkan 2012-11-16 di Wayback Machine., NASA
That's Impossible:Weather Warfare, History Channel
(OAP), Office of Atmospheric Programs

Artikel bertopik Amerika Serikat ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[currsci-1] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama currsci

[USAtoday2001-2] Watson, Traci (7 March 2001). "Conspiracy theorists read between lines in the sky". USA Today. hlm. A.04. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-12-17. Diakses tanggal 2017-06-07. Exasperated by persistent questions, the Environmental Protection Agency, NASA, the Federal Aviation Administration and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration joined forces last fall to publish a fact sheet explaining the science of contrail formation. A few months earlier, the Air Force had put out its own fact sheet, which tries to refute its opponents' arguments point by point. "If you try to pin these people down and refute things, it's, 'Well, you're just part of the conspiracy,' " says atmospheric scientist Patrick Minnis of NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Va. "Logic is not exactly a real selling point for most of them."

[knight-3] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama knight

[air_force-4] "Contrails Facts" (PDF). US Air Force. 13 October 2005. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 6 March 2013.

[barium-5] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama barium

[origin-6] Thomas, Dave (September 2008). "The 'Chemtrail Conspiracy'". Skeptical Inquirer. 18 (3).

[TheHill2015-7] Cama, Timothy (March 13, 2015). "EPA confronts 'chemtrails' conspiracy talk". the Hill. Diakses tanggal December 10, 2016. Conspiracy theorists say that government officials or others are using jets to spray harmful chemicals into the atmosphere. They cite the contrails left by jets as evidence of the chemicals. The EPA has added a new notice to its website, which links to a fact sheet explaining that the trails left by jets in the atmosphere are only ice particles and contain no harmful chemicals. “Contrails are line-shaped clouds or ‘Condensation trails’ composed of ice particles that are visible behind jet aircraft engines under certain atmospheric conditions and at times can persist,” says the notice, posted to the EPA’s website Friday. “EPA is not aware of any deliberate actions to release chemical or biological agents into the atmosphere.” Theorists have posited that the chemicals are meant to control the climate, to harm humans or to kill them. The fact sheet from the EPA and other federal agencies like the Federal Aviation Administration and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration was first published in 2000, when the chemtrails conspiracy became popular on the Web. An EPA spokeswoman said the agency frequently receives questions about chemtrails.

[Telegraph2013-8] Smith, Oliver (September 24, 2013). "'Chemtrails' and other aviation conspiracy theories". telegraph.co.uk. the Telegraph. Diakses tanggal December 11, 2016. So persistent is the chemtrail theory that US government agencies regularly receive calls from irate citizens demanding an explanation...The conspiracy theory took root in the Nineties, with the publication of a US Air Force research paper about weather modification...Governments and scientific institutions have of course dismissed the theories, and claim those vapour trails which persist for longer than usual, or disperse to cover a wide area, are just normal contrails.

[oed-9] "chemtrail". Oxford English Dictionary (edisi ke-Third). Oxford University Press. December 2011. (perlu berlangganan)

[weatherwise-10] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama weatherwise

[times-11] Paul Simons (27 September 2013). "Weather Eye: contrail conspiracy". The Times. This conspiracy idea took hold in 1996 when the US Government was accused of trying to modify the weather for military means (perlu berlangganan)

[12] Reynolds, Jay (March 1, 1999). "Those Mysterious Lines in the Sky". Veritas. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal August 17, 2000. , cited in USAF Contrails page.

[13] "Aircraft Contrails Factsheet" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. September 2000.

[CSI-14] Knickerbocker, Brad (14 March 2015). "EPA debunks 'chemtrails,' further fueling conspiracy theories (+video)". Christian Science Monitor.

[15] Cama, Timothy (13 March 2015). "EPA confronts 'chemtrails' conspiracy talk". TheHill.

[16] "The "Chemtrail" Hoax". Air Force. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 December 2002. Diakses tanggal 7 May 2010.

[owning-17] "Weather as a Force Multiplier: Owning the Weather in 2025". Fas.org. 1996. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 16, 2009.

[EPA-18] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama EPA

[19] Poladian, Charles (22 July 2013). "CIA Exploring Geoengineering, Ways To Control Weather, To Reverse Globing Warming: Report". International Business Times.

[20] See:
Darling, John (February 16, 2009). "Closed-door policy at Ashland City Hall City: officials say loud, menacing people spurred new rules on access". Mail Tribune. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-07.

"Part 1: Written Questions for Answer on Wednesday 14 December 2005". Business:House of Commons:The "Question Book" - Part 1:Session 2005 - 06. United Kingdom Parliament. Revised 14 December 2005. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-06-05. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-12. 124 Mr David Drew (Stroud):To ask the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, what research her Department has undertaken into the polluting effects of chemtrails for aircraft.

"Part 1: Written Questions for Answer on Wednesday 2 November 2005". House of Commons:The "Question Book" - Part 1:Session 2005 - 06:(24464). United Kingdom Parliament. Revised 2 November 2005. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-12. 124 Mr David Drew (Stroud):To ask the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, what research her Department has undertaken into the polluting effects of chemtrails for aircraft.

Squires, Jennifer (03/06/2009 06:44:22 AM PST). "Sonic boom remains a mystery". Sentinel staff writer. mercurynews.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-10-28. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-13.

Fitzpatrick, Josh (1:43 PM Mar 9, 2009). "Ask Josh: Contrails". WSAZ Blog Listing. www.wsaz.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-03-15. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-13.

Roylance, Frank (February 17, 2009). "High-altitude U-turn ... What was that about?". Blog. marylandweather.com. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-13.

[21] Darling, John (February 16, 2009). "Closed-door policy at Ashland City Hall City: officials say loud, menacing people spurred new rules on access". Mail Tribune. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-07.

[22] "Part 1: Written Questions for Answer on Wednesday 14 December 2005". Business:House of Commons:The "Question Book" - Part 1:Session 2005 - 06. United Kingdom Parliament. Revised 14 December 2005. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-06-05. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-12. 124 Mr David Drew (Stroud):To ask the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, what research her Department has undertaken into the polluting effects of chemtrails for aircraft.

[23] "Part 1: Written Questions for Answer on Wednesday 2 November 2005". House of Commons:The "Question Book" - Part 1:Session 2005 - 06:(24464). United Kingdom Parliament. Revised 2 November 2005. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-12. 124 Mr David Drew (Stroud):To ask the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, what research her Department has undertaken into the polluting effects of chemtrails for aircraft.

[24] Squires, Jennifer (03/06/2009 06:44:22 AM PST). "Sonic boom remains a mystery". Sentinel staff writer. mercurynews.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-10-28. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-13.

[25] Fitzpatrick, Josh (1:43 PM Mar 9, 2009). "Ask Josh: Contrails". WSAZ Blog Listing. www.wsaz.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-03-15. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-13.

[26] Roylance, Frank (February 17, 2009). "High-altitude U-turn ... What was that about?". Blog. marylandweather.com. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-13.

[21] See:
Duda, David (2006-05-05). "Contrails" (PDF). Hampton University/NASA LaRC. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2010-07-31. Diakses tanggal 2009-05-06.

G. Brewer, Peter (2007-06-5). "Evaluating a technological fix for climate". doi: 10.1073/pnas.0703892104. PMCID: PMC1891232. PNAS Journal. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-11.

Purdey, Mark (Received 20 January 2004; accepted 13 February 2004.). "Elevated silver, barium and strontium in antlers, vegetation and soils sourced from CWD cluster areas: Do Ag/Ba/Sr piezoelectric crystals represent the transmissible pathogenic agent in TSEs?". Medical Hypoteses. High Barn Farm, Elworthy, Taunton, Somerset TA4 3PX, UK: Elsevier Ltd. 63 (2): Pages 211–225 (2004). doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2004.02.041. Diakses tanggal March. ;

[28] Duda, David (2006-05-05). "Contrails" (PDF). Hampton University/NASA LaRC. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2010-07-31. Diakses tanggal 2009-05-06.

[29] G. Brewer, Peter (2007-06-5). "Evaluating a technological fix for climate". doi: 10.1073/pnas.0703892104. PMCID: PMC1891232. PNAS Journal. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-11.

[30] Purdey, Mark (Received 20 January 2004; accepted 13 February 2004.). "Elevated silver, barium and strontium in antlers, vegetation and soils sourced from CWD cluster areas: Do Ag/Ba/Sr piezoelectric crystals represent the transmissible pathogenic agent in TSEs?". Medical Hypoteses. High Barn Farm, Elworthy, Taunton, Somerset TA4 3PX, UK: Elsevier Ltd. 63 (2): Pages 211–225 (2004). doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2004.02.041. Diakses tanggal March. ;

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Teori konspirasi jejak kimia

Sejarah

Referensi

Pranala luar

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