Sejarah pemikiran ekonomi
Wealth of Nations Sejarah pemikiran ekonomi mengacu pada berbagai inovasi, revolusi dan teori tentang hal-hal yang kelak menjadi ekonomi politik dan ekonomi dari zaman dahulu sampai saat ini. Studi ini mencakup banyak pemikiran ekonomi yang berbeda-beda.
Filsuf Yunani seperti Aristoteles membahas pemikiran tentang "seni" memperoleh kekayaan dan mempertanyakan apakah properti sebaiknya berada dalam kepemilikan swasta atau umum. Pada abad pertengahan, cendekiawan Thomas Aquinas menyatakan adalah suatu kewajiban moral bisnis untuk menjual barang-barang dengan harga wajar .
Filsuf Britania, Adam Smith , sering disebut-sebut sebagai bapak ekonomi modern karena treatise -nya The Wealth of Nations [ 1] [ 2] fisiokrat . Bukunya muncul pada malam Revolusi Industri dengan perubahan-perubahan besar dalam dunia ekonomi .[ 3] pakar ekonomi klasik seperti Rev. Thomas Malthus , Jean-Baptiste Say , David Ricardo , dan John Stuart Mill . Mereka menguji cara kelas bawah, kapitalis dan buruh memproduksi dan mendistribusikan penghasilan negara dan menguji efek populasi dan perdagangan internasional . Di London, Karl Marx mengkritik sistem kapitalis yang ia anggap eksploitatif dan mengasingkan pihak lain. Sejak 1870, ekonomi neoklasik berusaha menciptakan bidang studi yang lebih positif, matematis dan ilmiah daripada politik normatif.
Setelah peperangan pada awal abad ke-20, John Maynard Keynes memimpin reaksi melawan abstensi pemerintahan dari urusan-urusan ekonomi dan menganjurkan kebijakan fiskal intervensionis untuk mendorong permintaan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Dengan dunia dibagi antara dunia pertama yang kapitalis , dunia kedua yang komunis , dan dunia ketiga yang miskin, konsensus pascaperang mulai hilang. Para ahli seperti Milton Friedman dan Friedrich von Hayek memperingatkan The Road to Serfdom sosialisme serta memfokuskan teori mereka terhadap hal-hal yang dapat diperoleh melalui kebijakan moneter dan deregulasi yang lebih baik. Karena kebijakan Keynesian gagal pada 1970-an, muncullah kelompok Klasik Baru , dengan pencetus teori utama seperti Robert Lucas dan Edward Prescott . Kebijakan ekonomi pemerintah sejak 1980-an ditantang dan pakar ekonomi pembangunan seperti Amartya Sen dan pakar ekonomi informasi seperti Joseph Stiglitz memperkenalkan ide-ide baru terhadap pemikiran ekonomi pada abad ke-21.
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