Daftar perang dan bencana menurut korban jiwa

Berikut adalah daftar peperangan dan bencana berdasarkan jumlah korban jiwa. Data mencakup perkiraan jumlah korban jiwa, nama peristiwa, lokasi, dan waktu terjadinya peristiwa tersebut. Sebuah peristiwa bisa saja masuk dalam lebih dari satu kategori, beberapa peristiwa bisa beririsan dengan yang lain.

Perang, konflik bersenjata, dan genosida

Angka di bawah dituliskan dalam jutaan dan mencakup kematian dari penyakit, kelaparan, dan kematian dalam pertempuran, pembantaian, ataupun genosida. Angka yang ditulis merupakan angka perkiraan. Bila hanya ada satu perkiraan, maka perkiraan terendah dan tertinggi ditulis dengan nilai sama.

Perkiraan kematian dalam jutaan

Perkiraan terendah	Perkiraan Log. mean[1]	Perkiraan Tertinggi	Peristiwa	Lokasi	Mulai	Akhir	Durasi (tahun)	Catatan, Lihat pula
&&&&&&&&&&&&&040.&&&&&040[2]	58	&&&&&&&&&&&&&085.&&&&&085[3]	Perang Dunia 2	Seluruh dunia	1939	1945	6 tahun 1 hari	Korban Perang Dunia II and Perang Tiongkok-Jepang Kedua[4] (termasuk Holocaust dan kematian di kamp konsentrasi)
&&&&&&&&&&&&&036.&&&&&036[5]	37	&&&&&&&&&&&&&040.&&&&&040[6]	Tiga Kerajaan	Tiongkok	184	280	96
30[7]	35	40[8]	Ekspansi mongol	Eurasia	1206	1368	163	Kekaisaran Mongol
25[9]	25	25	Ekspansi Manchu	Tiongkok	1616	1662	47	Dinasti Qing
20[10]	32	100[11][12][13]	Pemberontakan Taiping	Tiongkok	1851	1864	14
15[14]	31	65[15]	Perang Dunia I	Seluruh dunia	1914	1918	4 tahun, 3 bulan, 1 minggu	Kematian akibat flu Spanyol dimasukan dalam angka perkiraan tertinggi.
15[16]	17	20[16]	Penaklukan Timur-e-Lang	Asia Barat, Asia Selatan, Asia Tengah, Rusia	1369	1405	37	Dinasti Timurid
13[8]	21	36[17]	Pemberontakan An Lushan	Tiongkok	755	763	9	Peperangan pada Abad Pertengahan
8[18]	8	8	Perang Sipil Tiongkok	Tiongkok	1927	1949	22
5^[butuh rujukan]	6.7	9[19]	Perang Sipil Rusia	Rusia	1917	1921	5
4.194[20]	8.4	17 [21][22][23]	Holocaust	Eropa	1941	1945	4	Angka perkiraan terendah berasal dari jumlah orang Yahudi yang tewas dalam peristiwa ini sementara angka tertinggi mencakup semua kebijakan pembunuhan Jerman yang berbasis ras dan politik, baik langsung maupun tidak langsung.
3.5 ^[butuh rujukan]	4.9	7.0[24]	Perang Napoleon	Eropa, Atlantik, Pasifik, dan Samudra Hindia	1803	1815	13
3.0	5.9	11.5[25]	Perang Tiga Puluh Tahun	Kekaisaran Romawi Suci	1618	1648	31	Perang agama
3.0[26]	4.6	7.0[26]	Pemberontakan Serban Kuning	Tiongkok	184	205	22	bagian dari Perang Tiga Kerajaan
2.5[27]	3.7	5.4[28]	Perang Kongo Kedua	Republik Demokratik Kongo	1998	2003	6	Perang Kongo Pertama
2.582[29][30][31]	4.5	8.0[32]	Holodomor (and Soviet famine of 1932–1933)	Ukrainian SSR (and other areas of southern USSR, western Siberia)	1932	1933	1	Targeted famine and forced relocation of Soviet ethnic groups, especially landed Ukrainian peasants, by Stalin Regime.
2.3[33]	2.8	3.3[34]	Hundred Years' War	Western Europe	1337	1453	107	Edwardian War (1337-1360), Caroline War (1369-1389), Lancastrian War (1415–53)
2.0 [35]	14	100 [36]	European colonization of the Americas	Americas	1492	1900	408	Colonization, disease, ethnic cleansing and war.
2.0	2.8	4.0[37]	French Wars of Religion	France	1562	1598	37	Religious war
1.5[8]	1.7	2.0[38]	Shaka's conquests	Southern Africa	1816	1828	13	Ndwandwe–Zulu War
1.5[39]	1.7	2.0[39]	War in Afghanistan	Afghanistan	1979	2000	22	Soviet-Afghan War, Taliban Era. Death toll estimates through 1999 (2M) and 2000 (1.5M and 2M).
1.0	1.7	3.0	Nigerian Civil War	Nigeria	1966	1970	4	Ethnic cleansings of the Igbo people followed by Civil War.
1.0[40]	1.7	3.0[40]	Cambodian Genocide	Cambodia	1975	1979	4	War casualties, famine, health system collapse, executions and ethnic cleansing during the Khmer Rouge regime.
1.0[41]	1.7	3.0[42]	Crusades	Holy Land, Europe	1095	1291	197	Christian military excursions against the Muslim Conquests.
1.0[43]	1.4	2.0	Second Sudanese Civil War	Sudan	1983	2005	23	First Sudanese Civil War
0.9	0.94	1.0	Gallic Wars	France	58 BC	50 BC	9	Roman Empire
0.8	0.89	1.0	Du Wenxiu Rebellion	Tiongkok	1856	1873	18
0.8[44]	1.5	3.0[45]	Vietnam War	Southeast Asia	1955	1975	21	Cold War and First Indochina War
0.67[46]	0.75	0.85[47]	American Civil War	United States of America	1861	1865	4	Estimates include civilian deaths
0.6[39]	1.1	2.0[39]	Soviet War in Afghanistan	Afghanistan	1980	1988	9	Sometimes categorized as a proxy war during the Cold War.
0.5[48]	1.2	3.0[49]	Expulsion of Germans after World War II	Europe	1945	1950	5	Both direct and indirect deaths of ethnic German civilians and POWs during the redrawing of national borders after World War II.
0.5[50]	1	2.0[50]	Mexican Revolution	Mexico, United States	1911	1920	10	Includes Pancho Villa's raids and the Columbus Raid.
0.5[51][52]	1.0	2.0^[butuh rujukan]||Iran–Iraq War||Iran, Iraq||1980||1988||9|| Includes the Al-Anfal Campaign and the Invasion of Kuwait.
0.5[53]	0.71	1.0[53]	Rwandan genocide	Rwanda	1994	1994	1	Part of the Rwandan Civil War.
0.5	0.71	1.0	Spanish Civil War	Spain	1936	1939	4
0.4[54]	0.45	0.5[55]	Circassian Genocide	Circassia	1864	1867	3	Deaths during the ethnic cleansing of Circassia by the Russian Empire in the aftermath of the Russo–Circassian War (1763–1864).
0.4[56]	1.34	4.5[56]	Korean War	Korean Peninsula	1950	1953	4	Categorized as part of the Cold War.
0.3[57]	0.67	1.5[58]	Armenian Genocide	Anatolia	1915	1923	8	Called the First Genocide of the 20th century and officially recognized by 21 countries as such, though modern Turkey disputes the use of this term and some associated claims.
0.3[59]	0.6	1.2[60]	Paraguayan War	South America	1864	1870	7	Military history of South America, Francisco Solano López and Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias
0.3[61]	0.24	0.4[61]	Deluge	Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth	1655	1660	6	The Second Northern War, including subsequent campaigns by the same powers through the 1650s, and skirmishes between Catholic and Protestant partisans.
0.272[62]	0.585	1.260[62][63][64]	War on Terror	Greater Middle East	2001	2013	12	Includes Iraq War, War in Afghanistan (2001–present), and War in North-West Pakistan.
0.2[65]	0.45	1.0[65]	Greek genocide	Anatolia	1915	1923	8	The use of the term "genocide" is disputed by modern Turkey.
0.097207[66][67][68]	0.31	0.2[69]	Bosnian War	Bosnia	1992	1995	3	During the Bosnian War, at least 97,207 people were killed.
0.075[70][71]	0.099	0.13[70][71]	Massacres of Poles by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army	Volhyn and Eastern Galicia	1943	1944	1	Killings conducted by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army on Polish civilians.
0.2[72]	0.77	3.0[72]	1971 Bangladesh genocide	East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)	1971	1971	1	Killings by the Pakistani Armed Forces in East Pakistan leading to the Bangladesh Liberation War and Indo-Pakistani War of 1971; widely regarded as a genocide against the Bengali people.

Kematian di penjara dan kamp

Deaths	Name	Run by	Location	Date	Notes, References
800,000–1,500,000	Auschwitz-Birkenau	Nazi Germany	Oświęcim, Poland	1940–1945	[73][74]
700,000–1,000,000	Treblinka	Nazi Germany	Treblinka, Poland	1942–1943	[75][76]
480,000–600,000	Bełżec	Nazi Germany	Bełżec, Poland	1942–1943	[77][78][79]
130,000–500,000	Kolyma Gulag	Soviet Union	Kolyma, Soviet Union	1932–1954	[80]
100,000–700,000	Jasenovac	NDH Ustaše	Croatia	1941–1945	[81][82][83]
85,000	Stutthof	Nazi Germany	Stuttof, Third Reich	1939-1945	Second World War [84]
12,790–75,000	Stara Gradiška	NDH Ustaše	Croatia	1941–1945	primarily for women and children[85][86]
26,000 - 40,000	Second Boer War	United Kingdom	South African Republic	1900–1902	116,000 boer women and children; 26,370 died Second Boer War#Concentration camps .281900.E2.80.931902.29 115,000 black people 15,000 died Second Boer War [87] 81% of the total fatalities in the camps were children Emily Hobhouse
17,000	Tuol Sleng	Democratic Kampuchea	Phnom Penh, Cambodia	1975–1979	[88]
13,171	Camp Sumter	Confederate States of America	Andersonville, Georgia, USA	1864–1865	[89]
12,000	Crveni Krst	Nazi regime, Gestapo	Niš, Serbia	1941	[90]
2,963	Elmira Prison	United States of America	Elmira, New York, USA	1864–1865	[91]

Bencana kelaparan

Catatan: beberapa dari peristiwa di bawah disebabkan oleh alam

Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Event	Location	From	To	Notes
&&&&&&&015000000.&&&&&015.000.000[92]	&&&&&&&055000000.&&&&&055.000.000[93]	Great Chinese Famine	Tiongkok	1958	1962	During the Great Leap Forward under Mao Zedong tens of millions of Chinese starved to death.[94] State violence during this period further exacerbated the death toll, and some 2.5 million people were beaten or tortured to death in connection with Great Leap policies.[95]
&&&&&&&&09000000.&&&&&09.000.000	&&&&&&&013000000.&&&&&013.000.000	Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–79	Tiongkok	1876	1879	ENSO famine. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts
&&&&&&&&05500000.&&&&&05.500.000	&&&&&&&&06000000.&&&&&06.000.000	Great Famine of 1876–78	India	1876	1878	ENSO famine. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts
&&&&&&&&05000000.&&&&&05.000.000[96]	&&&&&&&010000000.&&&&&010.000.000[96]	Russian famine of 1921	Soviet Russia	1921	1922	See also: Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union and Russian Civil War with its policy of War communism, especially prodrazvyorstka
&&&&&&&&03000000.&&&&&03.000.000	&&&&&&&&04000000.&&&&&04.000.000	Bengal famine of 1943	India	1943	1943	The Japanese conquest of Burma cut off India's main supply of rice imports[97] However, administrative policies in British India ultimately helped cause the massive death toll.[98]
&&&&&&&&02400000.&&&&&02.400.000[99]	&&&&&&&&02400000.&&&&&02.400.000	Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies	Indonesia	1944	1945	An estimated 2.4 million Indonesians starved to death during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia. The problem was partly caused by failures of the main 1944–45 rice crop, but mainly by the compulsory rice purchasing system that the Japanese authorities put in place to secure rice for distribution to the armed forces and urban population.[99]
&&&&&&&&02000000.&&&&&02.000.000	&&&&&&&&03000000.&&&&&03.000.000	Indian famine of 1896–97, Indian famine of 1899–1900	India	1896	1900	ENSO famines. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts
0Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal..Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal.800,000[100]	0Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal..Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal.950,000[101]	Cambodian Genocide	Cambodia	1975	1979	An estimated 2 million Cambodians lost their lives to murder, forced labor and famine perpetrated by the Khmer Rouge, of which nearly half was caused by forced starvation. Came to an end due to invasion by Vietnam in 1979.
&&&&&&&&&0750000.&&&&&0750.000[102][103]	&&&&&&&&01500000.&&&&&01.500.000[104]	Great Irish Famine[105]	Ireland	1846	1849	Although blight ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s, the impact and human cost in Ireland—where a third of the population was significantly dependent on the Irish Lumper potato for food—was exacerbated by a host of political, social and economic factors which remain the subject of historical debate.[106][107]
&&&&&&&&&0400000.&&&&&0400.000[108]	&&&&&&&&02000000.&&&&&02.000.000[109]	Vietnamese Famine of 1945	Vietnam	1944	1945	The Japanese occupation during World War II caused the famine in North Vietnam.[109]
&&&&&&&&&0400000.&&&&&0400.000[110]	&&&&&&&&01000000.&&&&&01.000.000[111]	1983–85 famine in Ethiopia	Ethiopia	1983	1985	The famines that struck Ethiopia between 1961 and 1985, and in particular the one of 1983–5, were in large part created by government policies.[110]
&&&&&&&&&&070000.&&&&&070.000[112]	&&&&&&&&&&070000.&&&&&070.000	Sudan famine	Sudan	1998	1998	The famine was caused almost entirely by human rights abuse and the war in Southern Sudan.[113]

Banjir dan tanah longsor

Artikel utama: Flood, List of floods, List of deadliest floods, List of natural disasters § Floods and landslides, Landslide, dan List of landslides

Note: These are floods and landslides that have been partially caused by humans, for example by failure of dams, levees, seawalls or retaining walls.

Rank	Death toll	Event	Location	Date
1.	2,500,000–3,700,000[114]	1931 China floods	Tiongkok	1931
2.	900,000–2,000,000	1887 Yellow River (Huang He) flood	Tiongkok	1887
3.	500,000–700,000	1938 Yellow River (Huang He) flood	Tiongkok	1938
4.	26,000[115]-230,000[116]	The failure of 62 dams in Zhumadian Prefecture, Henan, the largest of which was Banqiao Dam, caused by Typhoon Nina.	Tiongkok	August 1975
5.	145,000	1935 Yangtze river flood	Tiongkok	1935
6.	more than 100,000	St. Felix's Flood, storm surge	Netherlands	1530
7.	100,000	Hanoi and Red River Delta flood	North Vietnam	1971
8.	100,000	1911 Yangtze river flood	Tiongkok	1911
9.	50,000–80,000	St. Lucia's flood, storm surge	Netherlands, England	1287
10.	10,000–50,000	Vargas Tragedy, landslide	Venezuela	1999
11.	2,400	North Sea flood, storm surge	Netherlands, Scotland, England, Belgium	31 January 1953
12.	2,209	Johnstown Flood	Pennsylvania	31 May 1889

Pengorbanan manusia dan ritual

This section lists deaths from the systematic practice of human sacrifice or suicide. For notable individual episodes, see Human sacrifice and mass suicide.

Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Description	Group	Location	From	To	Notes
&&&&&&&&&0300000.&&&&&0300.000^[butuh rujukan] || &&&&&&&&01500000.&&&&&01.500.000^[butuh rujukan] || Human sacrifice in Aztec culture || Aztecs || Mexico || 14th century || 1521 || Up to 3,000 sacrificed yearly[117]
13,000[118]	13,100	Human sacrifice	Shang dynasty	Tiongkok	BC1300	BC1050	Last 250 years of rule
&&&&&&&&&&&07941.&&&&&07.941[119]	&&&&&&&&&&&07941.&&&&&07.941	Ritual suicides	Sati	, India	1815	1828
&&&&&&&&&&&03912.&&&&&03.912	&&&&&&&&&&&03912.&&&&&03.912	Kamikaze suicide pilots, see note[120]	Imperial Japanese air forces	Pacific theatre	1944	1945
&&&&&&&&&&&&0913.&&&&&0913	&&&&&&&&&&&&0913.&&&&&0913	Jonestown murder-suicide[121]	Followers of The Peoples Temple cult	Jonestown	November 18, 1978	November 19, 1978
967	967	Mass suicide motivated religious and political.	Judean rebels	Masada	Spring 73

Peristiwa mematikan lainnya

Events with a large anthropogenic death toll not fitting any of the above classifications. May include deaths caused by famine, genocide, and other events listed above, as a portion of the total.

Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Event	Location	From	To	Notes
&&&&&&&049000000.&&&&&049.000.000	&&&&&&&078000000.&&&&&078.000.000	Mao Zedong era 1949–1976	Tiongkok	1949	1976	Millions of people died as a result of Mao Zedong's reforms,[122] with most of these deaths due to the Great Chinese Famine caused by mismanagement of agricultural resources during the Great Leap Forward. Millions more died as a result of human rights abuses. The total includes those who died during the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, the Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns, human rights abuses in Tibet, The Great Leap Forward (especially the resulting famine), and the Cultural Revolution. See also Mass killings under communist regimes.
&&&&&&&&08000000.&&&&&08.000.000	&&&&&&&061000000.&&&&&061.000.000	Soviet crimes 1917–1953	Soviet Republics (1917–1922), the Soviet Union (1922–1953), the East and Center of Europe, Mongolia	1917	1953	War, forced collectivization, and poor central planning in the Soviet Republics and Soviet Union led to enormous famines in 1921, 1932–33, and 1946–47. Mass murders were also perpetrated by the Communist leaders of the Soviet Republics between 1917 and 1922 and later on in The Soviet Union during a period of 1922–1953 (until the death of Joseph Stalin). This includes terrors unleashed by Cheka during the Russian Civil War against nations and 'enemies of The Revolution',[123] deaths in Gulags,[124] forced resettlement,[125] Holodomor,[126] Dekulakization,[127] Great Purge,[128] National operations of the NKVD.[129] See also Mass killings under communist regimes.
&&&&&&&&05000000.&&&&&05.000.000[130]	&&&&&&&022000000.&&&&&022.000.000[131]	Crimes during Congo Free State 1885–1908	Now the Democratic Republic of the Congo	1885	1908	Private forces under the control of Leopold II of Belgium carried out mass murders, mutilations, and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials, principally rubber. Significant deaths also occurred due to major disease outbreaks and starvation, caused by population displacement and poor treatment.[132] Estimates of the death toll vary considerably because of the lack of a formal census before 1924, but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924.[133]
&&&&&&&&&0175000.&&&&&0175.000[134]	&&&&&&&&&0576000.&&&&&0576.000[135]	Sanctions against Iraq	Iraq	1990	1998	Sanctions imposed by the United Nations Security Council indirectly caused excess deaths of young children.
&&&&&&&&&0100000.&&&&&0100.000	&&&&&&&&02000000.&&&&&02.000.000	Indonesian killings of 1965–1966	Indonesia	1965	1966	Massacres of people connected to the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) were carried out in 1965 and 1966. Death tolls are difficult to estimate.[136]
&&&&&&&&&0100000.&&&&&0100.000[137][138]	&&&&&&&&&0250000.&&&&&0250.000[139][140]	War in the Vendée	France	1793	1796	Described as genocide by some historians[138] but this claim has been widely discounted.[141] See also French Revolution.
0Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal..Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal.100,000[142]	0Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal..Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal.120,000	Manila Massacre	Manila, Philippines	1945	1945	During the Battle of Manila, at least 100,000 civilians were killed.
&&&&&&&&&&090800.&&&&&090.800	&&&&&&&&&0202600.&&&&&0202.600	Indonesian occupation of East Timor	East Timor	1974	1999	Civilian deaths under the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, including killings, disappearances, and deaths caused by conflict-related hunger and illness.[143]
&&&&&&&&&&050000.&&&&&050.000	&&&&&&&&&&080000.&&&&&080.000[144]	Operation Condor	South America	1975	1983	A campaign of political repression by right-wing dictatorships in South America, sponsored by the United States
&&&&&&&&&&050000.&&&&&050.000	&&&&&&&&&&060000.&&&&&060.000[145][146][147]	Warsaw Uprising	Occupied Poland	5 August 1944	12 August 1944	Systematic killing of Polish civilian population (mostly children and women regardless of age (the latter usually raped before death)) in district Wola and Ochota committed by the German Army during Warsaw Uprising
0Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal..Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal.40,000[148]	0Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal..Kesalahan ekspresi: Karakter tanda baca "," tidak dikenal.350,000[149]	Nanking Massacre	Nanking, Tiongkok	1937	1938	The Nanking Massacre, commonly known as the Rape of Nanking, was a war crime committed by the Japanese military in Nanjing, then capital of the Republic of China, after it fell to the Imperial Japanese Army on 13 December 1937.
&&&&&&&&&&015000.&&&&&015.000	&&&&&&&&&&015000.&&&&&015.000[150]	First Sack of Thessalonica	Byzantine Empire	904	904	The sack of the second city of the Byzantine Empire by a Muslim fleet under the command of Leo of Tripoli. In addition to the thousands killed the Saracen fleet also took 20,000 Greek slaves.
&&&&&&&&&&010000.&&&&&010.000[151][152]	&&&&&&&&&0100000.&&&&&0100.000[153][154]	Great Fire of Smyrna	İzmir, Turkey	September 9, 1922	September 24, 1922	Fires set during attacks on Greeks and Armenians by Turkish mobs and military forces in Smyrna at the end of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22). The violence and fires resulted in the destruction of the Greek and Armenian portions of the city and the evacuation of their former populations by British and American military forces. After the attacks 30,000 Greek and Armenian men left behind were deported by Turkish forces, many of whom were subsequently killed.
&&&&&&&&&&&09000.&&&&&09.000[155]	&&&&&&&&&&030000.&&&&&030.000[156]	Dirty War	Argentina	1976	1983	At least 9,000 people were tortured and killed in Argentina from 1976 to 1983, carried out primarily by the Argentinean military Junta (part of Operation Condor).

Lihat pula

• Perang Dunia

Referensi

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29. Jacques Vallin, France Mesle, Serguei Adamets, Serhii Pyrozhkov, A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses during the Crises of the 1930s and 1940s, Population Studies, Vol. 56, No. 3. (Nov. 2002), pp. 249–264
30. France Meslé, Gilles Pison, Jacques Vallin France-Ukraine: Demographic Twins Separated by History, Population and societies, N°413, juin 2005
31. France Meslé; Jacques Vallin (2003). Mortalité et causes de décès en Ukraine au XXe siècle: la crise sanitaire dans les pays de l'ex-URSS. Ined. ISBN 978-2-7332-0152-7. 
32. – "The famine of 1932–33", Encyclopædia Britannica. Quote: "The Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–33—a man-made demographic catastrophe unprecedented in peacetime. Of the estimated six to eight million people who died in the Soviet Union, about four to five million were Ukrainians... Its deliberate nature is underscored by the fact that no physical basis for famine existed in Ukraine... Soviet authorities set requisition quotas for Ukraine at an impossibly high level. Brigades of special agents were dispatched to Ukraine to assist in procurement, and homes were routinely searched and foodstuffs confiscated... The rural population was left with insufficient food to feed itself."
33. Philip Pregill. Landscapes in History. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-29328-6. 
34. Frederic Baumgartner. France in the Sixteenth Century. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-15856-9. 
35. Rummel, R.J. Death by Government, Chapter 3: Pre-Twentieth Century Democide
36. Stannard, David E. (1993). American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press. hlm. 11. ISBN 978-0-19-508557-0. In the 1940s and 1950s conventional wisdom held that the population of the entire hemisphere in 1492 was little more than 8,000,000—with fewer than 1,000,000 people living in the region north of present-day Mexico. Today, few serious students of the subject would put the hemispheric figure at less than 75,000,000 to 100,000,000 (with approximately 8,000,000 to 12,000,000 north of Mexico). 
37. "Huguenot Religious Wars, Catholic vs. Huguenot (1562–1598)". Users.erols.com. Diakses tanggal 2013-08-23. 
38. "Shaka: Zulu Chieftain". Historynet.com. Diakses tanggal 2013-08-23. 
39. "Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century". Necrometrics.com. Diakses tanggal September 24, 2012. 
40. Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia." In Forced Migration and Mortality, eds. Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
41. John Shertzer Hittell, "A Brief History of Culture" (1874) p.137: "In the two centuries of this warfare one million persons had been slain..." cited by White
42. Robertson, John M., "A Short History of Christianity" (1902) p.278. Cited by White
43. Sudan: Nearly 2 million dead as a result of the world's longest running civil war di www.refugees.org Galat: URL arsip tidak dikenal (diarsipkan tanggal 20041210024759), U.S. Committee for Refugees, 2001. Archived 10 December 2004 on the Internet Archive. Accessed 10 April 2007
44. Charles Hirschman et al., "Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate," Population and Development Review, December 1995.
45. Shenon, Philip (23 April 1995). "20 Years After Victory, Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 24 February 2011. 
46. Nofi, Al (June 13, 2001). "Statistics on the War's Costs". Louisiana State University. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-07-11. Diakses tanggal 2007-10-14. 
47. "U.S. Civil War Took Bigger Toll Than Previously Estimated, New Analysis Suggests". Science Daily. September 22, 2011. Diakses tanggal 2011-09-22. 
48. Christoph Bergner, Secretary of State in Germany's Bureau for Inner Affairs, Deutschlandfunk, November 29, 2006,[1]
49. Hermann Kinder; Werner Hilgemann (1978). The Anchor atlas of world history. Anchor Books. hlm. 221. 
50. Buchenau, Jürgen (2005). Mexico otherwise: modern Mexico in the eyes of foreign observers. UNM Press. hlm. 285. ISBN 0-8263-2313-8. 
51. "The Iran-Iraq War". Jewish Virtual Library. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2010. 
52. Roger Hardy (22 September 2005). "The Iran-Iraq War: 25 years on". BBC News. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2010. 
53. See, e.g., Rwanda: How the genocide happened, BBC, April 1, 2004, which gives an estimate of 800,000, and OAU sets inquiry into Rwanda genocide, Africa Recovery, Vol. 12 1#1 (August 1998), page 4, which estimates the number at between 500,000 and 1,000,000. 7 out of 10 Tutsis were killed.
54. Paul Goble Circassians demand Russian apology for 19th century genocide, Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty 15 July 2005, Volume 8, Number 23
55. Charles King: "The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus", Oxford University Press, 2008. Page 96.
56. Rummel, R.J., Statistics Of North Korean Democide: Estimates, Calculations, And Sources, Statistics of Democide, 1997.
57. Kamuran Gürün: Ermeni Soykirmi. 3rd Volume, Ankara 1985, p. 227
58. French in Armenia 'massacre' row BBC
59. Jurg Meister, Francisco Solano López Nationalheld oder Kriegsverbrecher?, Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag, 1987. 345, 355, 454–5
60. Another estimate is that from the pre-war population of 1,337,437, the population fell to 221,709 (28,746 men, 106,254 women, 86,079 children) by the end of the war (War and the Breed, David Starr Jordan, p. 164. Boston, 1915; Applied Genetics, Paul Popenoe, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1918)
61. Jan Wróbel, Odnaleźć przeszłość 1 (2002)"Odnaleźć przeszłość 1". 
62. "Human costs of war: Direct war death in Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan October 2001 - February 2013" (PDF). Costs of War. February 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2013-04-30. Diakses tanggal 14 June 2013. 
63. "Update on Iraqi Casualty Data" Diarsipkan 2008-02-01 di Wayback Machine. by Opinion Research Business. January 2008.
64. "Revised Casualty Analysis. New Analysis 'Confirms' 1 Million+ Iraq Casualties" Diarsipkan 2009-02-19 di Wayback Machine.. January 28, 2008. Opinion Research Business. Word Viewer for.doc files.
65. Henry Morgenthau, Ambassador Morgenthau's Story, Doubleday, Page & Company, Garden City, New York, 1919.
66. "Research and Documentation Center: Rezultati istraživanja "Ljudski gubici '91–'95"". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-02-04. Diakses tanggal 2015-05-06. 
67. Lara J. Nettelfield (2010). Courting Democracy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Cambridge University Press. Diakses tanggal 22 July 2013. , pp. 96–98
68. "After years of toil, book names Bosnian war dead". Reuters. 2013-02-15. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-10-10. Diakses tanggal 2015-05-06. 
69. Statement by Dr. Haris Silajdžić, Chairman of the Presidency Bosnia and Herzegovina, Head of the Delegation of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the 63rd Session of the General Assembly on the occasion of the General Debate, Summary, 23 September 2008.
70. Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
71. pl [Rzeź wołyńska]
72. White, Matthew. "Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the 20th Century: Bangladesh". Users.erols.com.  "History: The Bangali Genocide, 1971". Virtualbangladesh.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-07-23. Diakses tanggal 2015-05-06. 
73. Wellers, Georges. Essai de determination du nombre de morts au camp d'Auschwitz (attempt to determine the number of dead at the Auschwitz camp), Le Monde Juif, Oct–Dec 1983, pp. 127–159
74. Brian Harmon, John Drobnicki, Historical sources and the Auschwitz death toll estimates Diarsipkan 2012-03-09 di Wayback Machine.
75. "Operation Reinhard: Treblinka Deportations". Nizkor.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-09-23. Diakses tanggal 2013-08-23. 
76. Encyclopedia Americana
77. Peter Witte and Stephen Tyas, A New Document on the Deportation and Murder of Jews during "Einsatz Reinhardt" 1942, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Vol. 15, No. 3, Winter 2001, ISBN 0-19-922506-0
78. Raul Hilberg (2003). The Destruction of the European Jews: Third Edition. ISBN 978-0-300-09557-9. 
79. Yitzhak Arad, Bełżec, Sobibor, Treblinka. The Operation Reinhard Death Camps, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1987, NCR 0-253-34293-7
80. Ludwik Kowalski: Alaska notes on Stalinism Retrieved 18 January 2007. Case Study: Stalin's Purges from Genderside Watch. Retrieved 19 January 2007. George Bien, Gulag Survivor in the Boston Globe, June 22, 2005, Kolyma
81. "Jewish virtual library". Jewish virtual library. Diakses tanggal 2013-08-23. 
82. "Croatian holocaust still stirs controversy". BBC News. 2001-11-29. Diakses tanggal 2010-09-29. 
83. "Balkan 'Auschwitz' haunts Croatia". BBC News. 2005-04-25. Diakses tanggal 2010-09-29. No one really knows how many died here. Serbs talk of 700,000. Most estimates put the figure nearer 100,000. 
84. "Stutthof concentration camp". 26 Mar 2020 – via Wikipedia. 
85. Jelka Smreka. "STARA GRADIŠKA Ustaški koncentracijski logor". Spomen područja Jasenovac. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-07-17. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-25. 
86. Davor Kovačić (2004). "Iskapanja na prostoru koncentracijskog logora Stara Gradiška i procjena broj žrtava". Diakses tanggal 2010-08-25. 
87. "523 people die in the Black concentration camps of the Second Anglo Boer War | South African History Online". www.sahistory.org.za. 
88. A History of Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979). Documentation Center of Cambodia. hlm. 74. ISBN 99950-60-04-3. 
89. The Andersonville Prison Trial: The Trial of Captain Henry Wirz, by General N.P. Chipman, 1911.
90. "On the killing of Roma in World War II". Mrc.org.rs. 2013-03-13. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-10-06. Diakses tanggal 2013-08-23. 
91. Horigan, Michael (2002). Death Camp of the North: The Elmira Civil War Prison Camp. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-1432-2. 
92. Stéphane Courtois; Mark Kramer (1999-10-15). Livre Noir Du Communisme: Crimes, Terreur, Répression. ISBN 978-0-674-07608-2. 
93. Wemheuer, Felix (July 2011). "Sites of horror: Mao's Great Famine [with response]". The China Journal (66): 155–164. JSTOR 41262812.  on p.163 Frank Dikötter, in his response, quotes Yu Xiguang's figure of 55 million
94. Becker, Jasper (1998). Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine. Holt Paperbacks p.xi.
95. Dikötter, Frank. Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–62. Walker & Company, 2010. p. 298.
96. "How the U.S. saved a starving Soviet Russia: PBS film highlights Stanford scholar's research on the 1921–23 famine Diarsipkan 2012-01-30 di Wayback Machine.". Stanford University. April 4, 2011.
97. Nicholas Tarling (Ed.) The Cambridge History of SouthEast Asia Vol.II Part 1 pp139-40
98. Madhusree Mukerjee, Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India During World War II. See also Book review: Churchill's secret war in India by Susannah York
99. Van der Eng, Pierre (2008) 'Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation, 1940–1950.' MPRA Paper No. 8852, pp.35–38. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8852/
100. Bruce Sharp (2008), Counting Hell 2.Ben Kiernan, paragraph 3. Mekong.
101. Marek Sliwinski (1995), Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique, L'Harmattan, p. 82.
102. Foster, R.F. 'Modern Ireland 1600–1972'. Penguin Press, 1988. p324. Foster's footnote reads: "Based on hitherto unpublished work by C. Ó Gráda and Phelim Hughes, 'Fertility trends, excess mortality and the Great Irish Famine'...Also see C.Ó Gráda and Joel Mokyr, 'New developments in Irish Population History 1700–1850', Economic History Review, vol. xxxvii, no.4 (November 1984), pp. 473–488."
103. Joseph Lee, The Modernisation of Irish Society p. 1. Lee says 'at least 800,000'.
104. Vaughan, W.E. and Fitzpatrick, A.J.(eds). Irish Historical Statistics, Population, 1821/1971. Royal Irish Academy, 1978
105. The Great Irish Famine Approved by the New Jersey Commission on Holocaust Education on 10 September 1996, for inclusion in the Holocaust and Genocide Curriculum at the secondary level. Revision submitted 11/26/98.
106. Cecil Woodham-Smith (1991). The great hunger: Ireland 1845–1849. Penguin Books. hlm. 19. ISBN 978-0-14-014515-1. 
107. Dr Christine Kinealy (2006). This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine, 1845–52. ISBN 978-0-7171-4011-4. 
108. Charles Hirschman et al. "Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate" Diarsipkan 2010-06-20 di Wayback Machine.. Population and Development Review (December 1995).
109. Koh, David (21 August 2008). "Vietnam needs to remember famine of 1945". The Straits Times. Singapore. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-10-19. Diakses tanggal 25 January 2010. 
110. de Waal, Alex (2002) [1997]. Famine Crimes: Politics & the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa. Oxford: James Currey. ISBN 0-85255-810-4. 
111. "Flashback 1984: Portrait of a famine". BBC News. April 6, 2000.
112. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009), Famine: a short history, Princeton University Press, hlm. 24, ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3. 
113. Despite aid effort, Sudan famine squeezing life from dozens daily CNN, Accessed May 25, 2006
114. "Worst Natural Disasters In History". Nbc10.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-04-21. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-11. 
115. Dai Qing (1998). The River Dragon Has Come!: The Three Gorges Dam and the Fate of China's Yangtze River and Its People. M.E. Sharpe. hlm. 36. ISBN 978-0-7656-0206-0. 
116. 230,000 is the highest of a range of unofficial estimates, including also deaths of ensuing epidemics and famine, in Yi 1998
117. "The Enigma of Aztec Sacrifice", by Michael Harner. Natural History, April 1977, Vol. 86, No. 4, pages 46–51.
118. National Geographic, July 2003, cited by White
119. Sakuntala Narasimhan, Sati: widow burning in India, quoted by Matthew White, "Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th Century", p.2 (July 2005), Historical Atlas of the 20th Century (self-published, 1998–2005).
120. This toll is only for the number of Japanese pilots killed in Kamikaze suicide missions. It does not include the number of enemy combatants killed by such missions, which is estimated to be around 4,000. Kamikaze pilots are estimated to have sunk or damaged beyond repair some 70 to 80 allied ships, representing about 80% of allied shipping losses in the final phase of the war in the Pacific (see Kamikaze).
121. The largest single loss of American civilian life in a deliberate act until the September 11, 2001 attacks.
122. "Did Mao Really Kill Millions in the Great Leap Forward?". Maoists.org. Diakses tanggal 2013-08-23. 
123. Andrew and Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield, paperback ed., Basic books, 1999.
124. Steven Rosefielde (2010-02-15). Red Holocaust. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 67. ISBN 978-0-415-77757-5. 
125. Павел Полян, Не по своей воле... (Pavel Polian, Against Their Will... A History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR), ОГИ Мемориал, Moscow, 2001
126. С. Уиткрофт (Stephen G. Wheatcroft), "О демографических свидетельствах трагедии советской деревни в 1931—1933 гг.
127. Lynne Viola The Unknown Gulag. The Lost World of Stalin's Special Settlements Oxford University Press 2007,
128. Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments by Michael Ellman, 2002
129. Vadim Rogovin "The Party of the Executed"
130. Forbath, Peter (1977). The River Congo: The Discovery, Exploration, and Exploitation of the World's Most Dramatic River, 1991 (Paperback). Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-122490-1. 
131. R. J. Rummel Exemplifying the Horror of European Colonization:Leopold's Congo"
132. p.226-232, Hochschild, Adam (1999), King Leopold's Ghost, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, ISBN 0-547-52573-7
133. Hochschild p.226–232.
134. Crossette, Barbara. "Iraq Sanctions Kill Children, U.N. Reports=1999". 
135. Garfield, Richard (1999). "Morbidity and Mortality Among Iraqi Children from 1990 Through 1998: Assessing the Impact of the Gulf War and Economic Sanctions". Diakses tanggal 9 July 2013. 
136. Cribb, Robert (2002). "Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965–1966". Asian Survey. 42 (4): 550–563. doi:10.1525/as.2002.42.4.550. 
137. Donald Greer, The Terror, a Statistical Interpretation, Cambridge (1935)
138. Reynald Secher, La Vendée-Vengé, le Génocide franco-français (1986)
139. Jean-Clément Martin, La Vendée et la France, Éditions du Seuil, collection Points, 1987 he gives the highest estimate of the civil war, including republican losses and premature death. However, he does not consider it as a genocide.
140. Jacques Hussenet (dir.), « Détruisez la Vendée ! » Regards croisés sur les victimes et destructions de la guerre de Vendée, La Roche-sur-Yon, Centre vendéen de recherches historiques, 2007, p.148.
141. Gough, Hugh (December 1987). "Genocide and the Bicentenary: The French Revolution and the Revenge of the Vendee". The Historical Journal. 30 (4). JSTOR 2639130. 
142. White, Matthew. "Death Tolls for the Man-made Megadeaths of the 20th Century". Users.erols.com. 
143. "Conflict-related deaths in Timor-Leste 1974–1999" (PDF). Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor. Diakses tanggal 29 December 2013. 
144. "Background on Chile". The Center for Justice & Accountability. Diakses tanggal 9 July 2013. 
145. Lukas, Richard C. (2012). The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939-1944. Hippocrene Books. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-7818-1302-0.
146. "The Rape of Warsaw". Stosstruppen39-45.tripod.com. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
147. Walter Laqueur, Judith Tydor Baumel (2001). "Dirlewanger, Oskar". The Holocaust Encyclopedia. Yale University Press. p. 150. ISBN 0-300-08432-3. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
148. Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi; Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (2008). The Naking Atrocity: 1937–38. Berghahn Books. hlm. 362. ISBN 1-84545-180-5. 
149. Iris Chang (1997). The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II. Basic Books. hlm. 4. ISBN 978-0-7867-2760-5. 
150. Warren T. Treadgold (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press. hlm. 572. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2. 
151. Biondich, Mark. The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence Since 1878. Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 92 [2]
152. Naimark, Norman M. Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe. Cambridge: MA: Harvard University Press, 2002, p. 52.
153. Rudolph J. Rummel, Irving Louis Horowitz (1994). "Turkey's Genocidal Purges". Death by Government. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56000-927-6. , p. 233.
154. Naimark. Fires of Hatred, pp. 47–52.
155. Phil Gunson (2009-04-02). "The Guardian, Thursday 2 April 2009". London: Guardian. Diakses tanggal 2013-08-23. 
156. PBS News Hour, 16 Oct. 1997, et al. Argentina Death Toll, Twentieth Century Atlas

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