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Bencana kelaparan besar Tiongkok
Bencana kelaparan besar Tiongkok terjadi di Republik Rakyat Tiongkok pada 1958–1962. Bencana kelaparan ini disebabkan oleh pemimpin komunis yang berupaya untuk memaksa perubahan pada masyarakat. Sebagai bagian dari Lompatan Jauh ke Depan salah satunya adalah larangan akan kepemilikan tanah pribadi. Pemerintah merampas tanah-tanah milik petani pribadi pada 1958 dan membuatnya komunal untuk meningkatkan produksi pertanian. Selain itu Negeri Tirai Bambu ini juga tengah mengembangkan produksi besi dan baja. Jutaan petani dipekerjakan secara paksa.
China juga membuat kesalahan fatal dengan menerapkan metode penananam baru yakni bibit ditanam 3–5 meter di bawah tanah namun jaraknya berdekatan supaya peran tanah bisa dimaksimalkan dan lebih efisien. Namun pada praktiknya benih itu pertumbuhannya terganggu lantaran berdesakan. Kebijakan ini gagal. Ditambah dengan bencana banjir pada 1959 dan kekeringan tahun selanjutnya, ini mempengaruhi bangsa China. Kelaparan ini menyebabkan 15–55 juta orang meninggal.
Sumber
Catatan dan referensi
Catatan
Referensi
- Ashton, Basil, Kenneth Hill, Alan Piazza, Robin Zeitz, "Famine in China, 1958-61", Population and Development Review, Vol. 10, No. 4. (Dec., 1984), pp. 613–645.
- Banister, J. "Analysis of Recent Data on the Population of China", Population and Development, Vol. 10, No. 2, 1984.
- Becker, Jasper (1998). Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine. Holt Paperbacks. ISBN 0-8050-5668-8
- Cao Shuji, "The Deaths of China's Population and Its Contributing Factors during 1959–1961". China's Population Science (Jan. 2005) (In Chinese).
- China Statistical Yearbook (1984), edited by State Statistical Bureau. China Statistical Publishing House, 1984. Pages 83, 141, 190.
- China Statistical Yearbook (1991), edited by State Statistical Bureau. China Statistical Publishing House, 1991.
- China Population Statistical Yearbook (1985), edited by State Statistical Bureau. China Statistical Bureau Publishing House, 1985.
- Coale, Ansley J., Rapid Population Change in China, 1952–1982, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1984.
- Dikötter, Frank. Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958-62. Walker & Company, 2010. ISBN 0-8027-7768-6.
- Gao. Mobo (2007). Gao Village: Rural Life in Modern China. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3192-9.
- Gao. Mobo (2008). The Battle for China's Past. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-2780-8.
- Jiang Zhenghua (蒋正华)， "Method and Result of China Population Dynamic Estimation", Academic Report of Xi'a University, 1986(3). pp. 46, 84.
- Li Chengrui(李成瑞): Population Change Caused by The Great Leap Movement, Demographic Study, No.1, 1998 pp. 97–111
- Li. Minqi (2008). The Rise of China and the Demise of the Capitalist World Economy. Monthly Review Press. ISBN 978-1-58367-182-5
- Peng Xizhe, "Demographic Consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces", Population and Development Review, Vol. 13, No.4. (Dec., 1987), pp. 639–670
- Thaxton. Ralph A. Jr (2008). Catastrophe and Contention in Rural China: Mao's Great Leap Forward Famine and the Origins of Righteous Resistance in Da Fo Village. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-72230-6
- Yang, Dali. Calamity and Reform in China: State, Rural Society and Institutional Change since the Great Leap Famine. Stanford University Press, 1996.
- Yang Jisheng. Tombstone (Mu Bei - Zhong Guo Liu Shi Nian Dai Da Ji Huang Ji Shi). Cosmos Books (Tian Di Tu Shu), Hong Kong 2008.
- Yang Jisheng. "Tombstone: An Account of Chinese Famine in the 1960s" (墓碑 － 中國六十年代大饑荒紀實 (Mubei – Zhongguo Liushi Niandai Da Jihuang Jishi), Hong Kong: Cosmos Books (Tiandi Tushu), 2008, ISBN 978-988-211-909-3 (Tionghoa). By 2010, it was appearing under the title: 墓碑: 一九五八-一九六二年中國大饑荒紀實 (Mubei: Yi Jiu Wu Ba – Yi Jiu Liu Er Nian Zhongguo Da Jihuang Shiji) ("Tombstone: An Account of Chinese Famine From 1958–1962").
- Yang Jisheng. Tombstone: The Untold Story of Mao's Great Famine, Yang Jisheng, Translators: Stacy Mosher, Guo Jian, Publisher: Allen Lane (30 Oct 2012), ISBN 978-1-84614-518-6 (English Translation of the above work)
- Translated into English and abridged. Yang Jisheng, Tombstone: The Great Chinese Famine, 1958-1962, Farrar, Straus and Giroux (October 30, 2012), hardcover, 656 pages, ISBN 0-374-27793-1, ISBN 978-0-374-27793-2
- Official Chinese statistics, shown as a graph.Land Use Systems Group (LUC)[1], Austria: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) https://web.archive.org/web/20050904001002/http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/LUC/ChinaFood/data/pop/pop_10.htm, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2005-09-04
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